Term
| what do the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular (magnocellular portion) control? |
|
Definition
| the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| what hypothalamic nuclei are involved in the processes of eating and drinking? |
|
Definition
| the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei |
|
|
Term
| the ____________ nucleus has descending connections to S2-S4 and activates the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| posterior (hypothalamic nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| the _____________ nucleus receives retinal input and plays a role in the control of circadian rhythms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what system do the preoptic area and anterior nucleus activate? |
|
Definition
| the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what structures make up the papez circuit? |
|
Definition
| posterior nucleus -> anterior nuc of the thalamus -> cingulate cortex -> hippocampal formation -> fornix -> mammilary body |
|
|
Term
| where are the interstitial hypothalamic nuclei located? |
|
Definition
| embedded in fibers...which fibers? |
|
|
Term
| which interstitial nucleus is sexually dimorphic (smaller in women and gay men)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____________ pituitary is derived from the diencephalon whereas the ___________ pituitary is derived from a neural placode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the (anterior/posterior) pituitary contains glial cells, capillaries and neurosecretory granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hypothalmic nuclei have influences on the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| the paraventricular nucleus (parvocellular portion) and the tuberal nuclei (the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus and the arcuate nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| what nuclei make up the tuberal region of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus and the arcuate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are released by the magnocellular portion of the paraventricular nucleus into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three subdivisions of the amygdala? |
|
Definition
1. olfactory amygdala-olfactory input
2. basolateral subdivision- cortical like
3. BNST/M/C - subcortical portion (striatum like) |
|
|
Term
| what is urbach-wiethe disease? who was used as a clinical study for this disease? |
|
Definition
| a very rare genetic disease in which there is bilateral replacement of the amygdala by calcified tissue early on in life. SM was the patient used as a clinical study |
|
|
Term
| what were some of SM's unusual characteristics due to the loss of his amygdala? |
|
Definition
| inability to detect fear, overly friendly demeanor upon first meeting |
|
|
Term
| what three parts make up the hippocampal formation? |
|
Definition
1. the hippocampus proper-divided into CA fields (CAI, CAII and CAIII)
2. dentate gyrus
3. subiculum |
|
|
Term
| what deficits did HM develop after having his temporal lobes removed to alleviate chronic seizures? |
|
Definition
| was unable to form new declarative memories due to loss of hippocampal formations. still had intact long-term and procedural memory. tells us that declarative memories are formed in the HF and then stored elsewhere (likely assoc cortices) after a certain period of time in which they are sorted and consolidated. |
|
|
Term
| RB experience loss of declarative memory similar to that of HM after loss of her _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structures are involved in the high road of amygdalar input? the low road? |
|
Definition
high road: thalamic nuclei -> assoc cortices -> amygdala
low road: associated thalamic nuclei -> amygdala |
|
|
Term
| the low road is the (direct/indirect) pathways to the amygdala |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BL potion of the amygdala has afferents going to the ____________ which in turn passes on information to the _____________. It also has afferents going to the _____ and ______ portions of the amygdala |
|
Definition
| Striatum, Prefrontal cortex, Central nucleus, Medial nucleus |
|
|
Term
| where does the BL nucleus of the amygdala get inputs from? |
|
Definition
| nucleus basalis, thalamic sensory nuclei and the association cortices |
|
|
Term
| the hypothalamus gets input from which portions of the amygdala? |
|
Definition
| the central and medial nuclei, the olfactory amygdala |
|
|
Term
| the __________ is where the stapes attaches to the inner ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: you need equal pressure on both sides for your ears to work maximally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: the shape of the middle ear ossicles are necessary for their function |
|
Definition
| false. artificial ossicles of slightly different shapes work just fine. probably shape they are due to evolution from bony fish jaw bones |
|
|
Term
| the basilar membrane is (flexible/stiff) near the helicotrema (apex) and (flexible/stiff) near the oval window (base) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (high/low) frequency sounds are localized to the base of the basilar membrane and (high/low) frequency sounds are localized to the apex of the basilar membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of nt is released by cochlear hair cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spiral ganglion gets input from __________ and gives output to __________, via the _____________ |
|
Definition
| cochlear hair cells, cochlear muscles, auditory portion of CN VIII |
|
|
Term
| the afferents of outer hair cells join the _____________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steriocilia bend as a result of the relative bending of the ___________ and ______________ membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: hearing loss can result from taking extremely high doses of antibiotics because of damage to the tectorial membrane |
|
Definition
| false. high doses of antibiotics cause loss of outer hair cells resulting in hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| in inner hair cells Ca++ channels open in response to the opening of _____ channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanically gated potassium channels are located on the ____________ of an inner hair cell and are connected by ___________ |
|
Definition
| steriocilia, linking filaments |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the steriocilia of inner hair cells are bent? |
|
Definition
| if they are bent in the direction of increasing cilia length the K+ channels open causing an excitatory response, if they are bent in the other direction the channels close causing an inhibitory response |
|
|
Term
| what does the stria vascularis do? |
|
Definition
| it lets in K+ along it electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| how is sound localized in humans and animals with large heads? |
|
Definition
| based on the difference in time of arrival of the sound to the right and left ear |
|
|
Term
| how is sound localized in aquatic animals and animals with small heads? |
|
Definition
| based on the differences in intensity of different frequencies perceived by the right and left ear |
|
|
Term
| true of false: the tonotopic organization originating from the basilar membrane is preserved in the cochlear nuclei and primary auditory cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus has (ipsilateral/contralateral/both) axons that end on the ___________________ |
|
Definition
| both, inferior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| explain the auditory ascending pathway |
|
Definition
| cochlear muscles -> spiral ganglion -> (cochlear nerve) -> cochlear nuclei (dorsal and ventral) -> (trapezoid body) -> superior olivary nucleus -> nucleus of the lateral lemniscus -> (lateral lemniscus) -> inferior colliculus -> Pallidum + GP (or through commisure of inf collic to to contralateral IF) -> superior temporal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| true or false: any lesion beyond the cochlear nuclei would cause affects only on the ipsilateral side |
|
Definition
| false. would cause bilateral affects because axons in the cochlear nerve ascend bilaterally after leaving th cochlear nuclei |
|
|
Term
| how does hair cell organization allow you to respond to a wide range of head movements? |
|
Definition
| because they are all oriented in differnt directions and thus when head moves some will be activated and others inhibited allowing brain to make spacial adjustments |
|
|
Term
| what are the four structures are innervated by nerves leaving the vestibular nucleus? |
|
Definition
1. the occulomotor nucleus (via CN III, IV, VI and teh ascending MLF)
2. the cerebellum
3. the thalamus (VPI)
4. the spinal cord (via the descending MLF) |
|
|
Term
| what stimuli do the ampulla and utricle preferentially respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure is particularly sensitive to angular head tilt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the __________ membrane is embedded with otoconia (small stones) that allows it to move in response to tilt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure is the otolithic membrane a part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ________ muscles contract the pupil enlarges and when _________ muscles contract the pupil shrinks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (radial/circular) muscles are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a tapeturn lucidum? |
|
Definition
| the irridescent patch in the uvea (?) of nocturnal animals that reflects light |
|
|
Term
| ________ fibers control the flattening of the lens (parasympathetic reaction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: all of the photoreceptors at the fovea are rods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control? from where does it receive input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _______________ nuclei sends information involving eye tracking to the visual cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of nuclei that get input from the retina and control pupil constriction ... |
|
|
Term
| what is the consensually constricting pupil reflex? |
|
Definition
| both pupils constrict even if only one is exposed to light |
|
|
Term
| the ___________ part of the retina sees the nasal field which the _________ part of the retinal sees the temporal field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: information from the temporal field does not decussate but information for the nasal field does decussate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of a lesion at the optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
| the right eye can only talk to the right hemisphere and the left eye can only talk to the left hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| describe the pathway of the "what stream" |
|
Definition
| retinal ganglion parvocells -> parvocellular layers of LGN -> parvocellular part of V1 -> V2 (illulsory contours), V4 (blob and interblob areas) |
|
|
Term
| what areas of the fusiform gyrus does the "how/where stream" activate? |
|
Definition
| V2, V3 (dynamic form), V5 (motion) |
|
|
Term
| the "what stream" is considered the ___________ or small stream pathway and the "how/where stream" is considered the ___________ or large cell pathway |
|
Definition
| parvocellular, magnocellular |
|
|
Term
| the ____________ pathway prcoesses visual resolution and the ___________ pathway processes movement |
|
Definition
| parvocellular, magnocellular |
|
|
Term
| true or false: the blob area is necessary for seeing but not imagining color |
|
Definition
| false. necessary for both |
|
|
Term
| the amplitude (loudness) of a sound is measured in __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of sound in cycles/second |
|
|
Term
| ___________ is a measure of the frequency of the auditory pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of sound in cycles/second |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a measure of the frequency of sound waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tensor tympani muscle is innervated by ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stampedius muscle is innervated by __________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stapedius muscle is innervated by _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the attenuation reflex? |
|
Definition
| when there is a loud noise the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract to dampen down the effect of this sound. makes it so we dont hear own own voice as loud as we otherwise would. |
|
|
Term
| what is expressive aphasia? lesions in what brain areas lead to this disordeR? |
|
Definition
| inability to produce fluid language. result of lesion in broca's area (left brodmanns area 44 and 45) |
|
|
Term
| a lesion in what area results in receptive aphasia? what are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
| receptive aphasia is teh result of lesions in wernikes area (left brodmans area 23) and is characterized by a loss of the ability to comprehend and produce sensical speech |
|
|
Term
| alexia with agraphia is the result of a lesion in the __________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pure alexia is the result of a lesion in the ______________ and ______________ |
|
Definition
| left primary visual cortex and splendium of the cc |
|
|
Term
| when the two hemispheres act independently as a result of a severed corpus collosum it is called ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________________ is the inability to produce differences in tone and gestures when speaking and is the result of a lesion in ____________________ |
|
Definition
| expressive aprosodia, right brodman's areas 44 and 45 |
|
|
Term
| _____________ is the inability to discriminate between tones and is the result of _____________________. this can also be accompanied by _______________,the inability to recognize tones is music |
|
Definition
| receptive aprosodia, right brodman's area 23, amuria |
|
|
Term
| the inability to recognize faces or objects for which one has an expertise is called _____________ and is the result of a lesion in the _____________ |
|
Definition
| right or bilateral fusiform gyrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that familiar people and places are imposters due to a lack of emotional response to them. loss of connections from the fusiform gyrus to the amygdala? |
|
|
Term
| a lesion in the right parietal lobe leads to _____________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what area of the brain did phineas gage have damage to following his accident? what were the results of this damage? |
|
Definition
| damage primarily to left (and some right) dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex. resulted in complete change in personality, became obstinate and inconsiderate, could no longer follow through with plans |
|
|
Term
| what difficulties did zasetsky face as a result of right occipital lobe damage? |
|
Definition
| had a fragmented view of the world, was able to plan and begin things but had trouble following through |
|
|
Term
| which part of your prefrontal cortex is involved in judgement, planning and decision making? |
|
Definition
| the ventral medial portion |
|
|
Term
| motivation is influenced by the __________________ |
|
Definition
| dorsal medial prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the main role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex? |
|
Definition
| working memory: allows one to select task relevant information and and be able to manipulate it to solve a problem while inhibiting other parts of the brain to stop them from processing distracting information |
|
|
Term
| true or false: an intact DM prefrontal cortex is necessary to learn social cues in childhood |
|
Definition
| false. need intact VM prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the somatic marker hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| the idea that when making a decision if you have a negative emotional response to one option, will choose the other. lesion in VM prefrontal cortex leads to loss of this phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| what is the stroop effect? a lesion in what cortical area leads to this? |
|
Definition
| inability to say color of words on paper if printed in a different color. lesion in DM prefrontal cortex leads to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to perceive visual information but still be able to do better than chance on visual tasks. due to damage of the primary visual cortex |
|
|
