Term
| Spinal Cord ends at _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Denticulate Ligament connects _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Column transmits: ______. |
|
Definition
| discriminatory touch, vibration and proprioception (position sense) |
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral or Spinothalamic– |
|
Definition
| pain and temperature and crude touch |
|
|
Term
| Fasiculus Gracilis and Fasiculus Cuneatus are transmitted in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fasiculus Gracilis medial or lateral to Fasiculus Cuneatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dorsal Column decussates where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dorsal Column synapses in the in the Caudal Medulla at the _______ and then decussates through the _______ and then ascend as the ________. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Gracilis/Cuneatus
Internal Arcuate Fibers
Medial Lemniscus |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal efferent pathway: ________. |
|
Definition
| Primary Motor Cortex, Internal Capsule (Posterior Limb), Basis Pedunculi, Basis Pons, Pyramid, Pyramidal Decussation, Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracts composed of axons that have a common function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ribbon of fibers with same function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurlation begins at ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ gives rise to the ventricular system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small head due to small brain size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Mesencephalon Associated Cranial Nerves: __________. |
|
Definition
Occulomotor (III)
-> Trochlear (IV)*
-> Trigeminal (sensory)* |
|
|
Term
| Metencephalon Associated Cranial Nerves: __________. |
|
Definition
Trochlear (IV)* ->
Trigeminal (V) motor, sensory ->*
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) |
|
|
Term
| Myelencephalon Associated Cranial Nerves: __________. |
|
Definition
Trigeminal (sensory)*->
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII) |
|
|
Term
| ______ gives rise to the entire nervous system. |
|
Definition
| Ectoderm (Neural tube and neural crest are ectoderm in origin) |
|
|
Term
| Notochord and somites, as well as blood, vessels, bone and connective tissue arise from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gut derives from the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurulation has 4 basic steps: |
|
Definition
1) It begins with the initiation of the formation of the neural plate.
2) The neural plate is then shaped.
3) The neural plate bends.
4) And, finally the neural groove closes to form the neural tube. |
|
|
Term
| Neural tube and neural crest arise from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rostral limit of the developing telencephalon becomes the _______. |
|
Definition
| lamina terminalis of the diencephalon. |
|
|
Term
| The neural retina and optic nerves and tracks derive from the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ includes the superior and inferior colliculi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The midbrain tegmentum lies caudal to the _____, above the ________ and below the _______ |
|
Definition
thalamus
substantia nigra
superior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord arises from the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Telencephalon gives rise to: ___________. |
|
Definition
| Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebral Cortex, Subcortical White Matter, Basal Ganglia, Basal Forebrain Nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| Diencephalon gives rise to: ___________. |
|
Definition
| Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus |
|
|
Term
| Mesencephalon gives rise to: ________. |
|
Definition
Cerebral Peduncles
Midbrain Tectum
Midbrain Tegmentum |
|
|
Term
| Rhombencephalon derivatives: ________. |
|
Definition
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Prosencephalon derivatives: ________. |
|
Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Metencephalon gives rise to: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelencephalon gives rise to: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signaling from _____ and gradients of _______ from the caudal pole lead to cranial-caudal position information. |
|
Definition
Wnt
retinoic acid (Vit. A derivative) |
|
|
Term
| At dau 18 _____ inhibitors come from the cranial pole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The elevated margins of the internal surface ‘crease’ will become the neural folds, which contain the precursors for neural crest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The neural plate is folding and neural crest cells are born. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural tube formation begins in the center and zips closed toward both the cranial and caudal ends of the embryo. |
|
|
Term
| Neural Crest Cells around the Neural Tube give rise to: _______. |
|
Definition
Sensory ganglia
Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal neurosecretory cells
Non-neuronal cells |
|
|
Term
| Retinoic acid is not only a _______ signal, but also, a __________. |
|
Definition
inductive
teratogen in high concentrations (as in alcohol) |
|
|
Term
| _______ deficiency can lead to neural tube defects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SHH has a major role in both inducing _____ and giving rise to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ eventually give rise to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure of the neural tube to close leads to various ‘neural tube defects’: __________. |
|
Definition
Anencephaly
Encephalocele
Spina bifida |
|
|
Term
| Anencephaly is a ___________. |
|
Definition
| failure of the cranial end of the neural tube (anterior neuropore) to close. |
|
|
Term
| Encephalocele is a failure of ___________ and ______ may result. |
|
Definition
| failure of bone to ossify may allow herniation and the formation of a sac structure. |
|
|
Term
| Spina bifida is a failure or ___________ to form and the ________ cannot __________. |
|
Definition
vertebral arch fails to form (failure of the posterior neuropore to fuse)
and the neural tube cannot move migrate properly |
|
|
Term
| Hox gene expression leads to ______ in an ______________. |
|
Definition
semgenation
anterior to posterior patterning |
|
|
Term
| Three vesicle stage occurs at day ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five vesicle stage occurs at day ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At day 36: __________ are present. |
|
Definition
| the cranial, cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves are present. |
|
|
Term
| The ________ and ______ are formed from neural tube containing only alar plate. |
|
Definition
| the telencephalon and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| The _____ portion of the embryo at day 28 during the three vesicle stage only has a alar plate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord has _____ basal (________) and _____ alar (________). |
|
Definition
two basal (ventral / somatic motor)
two alar (dorsal / association) columns |
|
|
Term
| The brainstem has ___ basal columns (motor) and ___ alar (sensory) columns. |
|
Definition
Three
Four
*(depending on location)* |
|
|
Term
| At ____ weeks 3 vesicle stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At ____ weeks 5 vesicle stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By ______ the fetal brain is fully developed, just 25% of final size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ flexure forms first, followed by the ______ flexure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the cephalic and cervical flexure the ______ flexure forms ~ 5 weeks and it deepens until the ______ is folded back onto the ______. |
|
Definition
pontine
metencephalon
myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| The head of the chick can be discerned because the _____ begin to form on the cranial end of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic CN: ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proliferation of the cells of the cortex force a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proliferation of the cells of the cortex force a C-shape, which dictates what the ______ follow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebellum is derived from the ______ and the _______. |
|
Definition
alar plate of the metencephalon
adjacent rhombic lips |
|
|
Term
| The ______ & ______ are formed from rhombic lip. |
|
Definition
| The cerebellar granule cells and the deep cerebellar nuclei |
|
|
Term
| *The trochlear nerve arises in the _____ but is eventually partially displaced to the _______. |
|
Definition
metencephalon
mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
| Trigeminal motor nuclei are _______, but the sensory nuclei ________. |
|
Definition
born and stay in the metencephalon
arise in the metencephalon and myelencephalon but are later partially displaced to the mesencephalon. |
|
|
Term
| The cells lining the ventricles remain ______. |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| As new neuroal cells are born, they will then _______. |
|
Definition
| migrate through cells layers |
|
|
Term
| Radial neuronal migration in the cortex depends on ___________. |
|
Definition
| receptor / ligand interaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes ectoderm to differentiate into epidermis |
|
|
Term
| Noggin/Chordin does what? |
|
Definition
| Causes ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes the neural tube to differentiate into roofplate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes the neural tube to differentiate into floorplate |
|
|
Term
| During Neurogensis, ______ inhibits and ______ stimulates the differentiation to Neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ inhibits and ______ stimulates the differentiation to Oligodentrocytes. |
|
Definition
Proneural bHLHs
Olig1/2 & Nkx2.1 |
|
|
Term
| ______ inhibits and ______ stimulates the differentiation to Astrocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ stimulates the formation of Chromaffin Cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ stimulates the formation of Melanocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ stimulates the formation of sympathetic progenitor, which then gives rise to _______ under the stimulation of ________ & _______ under the stimulation of ________. |
|
Definition
FGF2 -> Sympathetic Progenitor
NGF-> Adrenergic Neuron
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-> Cholinergic Neuron |
|
|
Term
| _____ stimulates the formation of Sensory Neurons. |
|
Definition
| Leukocyte Inducing Factor (LIF) |
|
|
Term
| ______ and _____ are mutations of neural cell migration and are characterized by _____. |
|
Definition
Reelin Mutation
Lissencephaly (DCX)
smooth surface of the brain and the enlarged ventricles in both mutants |
|
|
Term
| Holoprosencephaly is a devleopment disruption of ______ caused by _______. |
|
Definition
Midline
Loss of SHH function |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the most common childhood brain tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulloblastoma is a subversion of normal neurogenesis and cell migration in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medulloblastoma results from ______. |
|
Definition
| altered (loss is Holoprosencephaly SHH function |
|
|
Term
| Basal cell carcinomas are usually due to somatic _______ mutations. |
|
Definition
| PTC (SHH partner) mutations |
|
|
Term
| SHH-related diseases: __________. |
|
Definition
Holoprosencephaly (Loss of SHH function)
Medulloblastoma (Altered SHH function)
Basal cell carcinoma (somatic PTC mutations) |
|
|
Term
| Neural Tube Defects: ________. |
|
Definition
Anencephaly
Encephalocele
Spina bifida |
|
|
Term
| Anencephaly results from a failure of the __________ to close. |
|
Definition
| cranial end of the neural tube (anterior neuropore) |
|
|
Term
| Encephalocele results from a failure of ________, resulting in ________. |
|
Definition
bone to ossify
brain sac able to herniate out |
|
|
Term
| Spina bifida occurs when the _____ fails to form and the _______ cannot migrate resulting in a failure of the ___________. |
|
Definition
vertebral arch
neural tube cannot move migrate properly (failure of the posterior neuropore to fuse). |
|
|
Term
| Communicating Hydrocephalus is non-obstructive/obstructive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-communicating Hydrocephalus is non-obstructive/obstructive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural tube defects 75% of cases are due to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spina bifida occurs when a ______ fails to develop and ______ cells cannot migrate crainally/caudally properly; therefore, the neural tube cannot move below the surface and close properly. |
|
Definition
vertebral arch
somite sclerotome
caudally |
|
|
Term
| Spina bifida – aperta- ________. |
|
Definition
The spinal cord may be exposed or protrude at the surface, usually in the lumbar region.
The spinal cord may be exposed or protrude at the surface, usually in the lumbar region. |
|
|
Term
| Spina bifida – occulta- _______. |
|
Definition
| The failure of the caudal neural tube/pore to close is somewhat hidden; a tuft of hair, small sinus or skin dimple may be present. |
|
|
Term
| Anencephaly the _____ neurotube/pore fails to close, leading to the failure of normal brain development and skull closure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Hydrocephalus _______ swell with CSF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incipient hydrocephalus can be detected _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retinoid Acid (Vit. A) deficiency or tetragoen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axonal Growth Cone Mobility is possible because of _______. |
|
Definition
| Dynamic protein action of actin (microfilaments) |
|
|
Term
| Axonal growth, guidance and maintenance are mediated by both diffusible and non-diffusible signals that include both attractive and repulsive forces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| guide axons toward a source |
|
|
Term
| Trophic factors _________. |
|
Definition
| support the survival and growth of neurons and their processes |
|
|
Term
| Axonal synapse formation begins with ______ and ______ then adds: ___________. |
|
Definition
| cadherins and protocadherins then adds microtubules, ephrins, neurexin and neuregulin |
|
|
Term
| Diffusible signalling involves _____ and ______. |
|
Definition
| Chemoattractants & Chemorepellants |
|
|
Term
| Chemoattractants are best characterized by: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemorepellant are best characterized by: ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to neuron migration as contralateral or ipsilateral, _____ are formed by balance of chemoattractants and repellents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ & ______ initiate the formation of synapes. |
|
Definition
| Protocadherins and Cadherins |
|
|
Term
| Neurotrophins (trophic factors) can activate different responses: __________. |
|
Definition
Cell survival / death
Synapse stabilization / elimination
Neuronal process growth / retraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tyrosine kinase receptors |
|
|
Term
| p75 = also called _____ Receptor (NGFR) |
|
Definition
| Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (NGFR) |
|
|
Term
| Which neurotrophin receptor is more specific? |
|
Definition
Trk(s) (specific)
p75 (broad) |
|
|
Term
| Critical period - _______. |
|
Definition
| a restricted time during which development is particularly sensitive to the effects of experience or modulation by the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Critical period examples: ________. |
|
Definition
1. binocular vision
2. language acquisition
3. sexual dimorphism of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of acuity, diminished stereopsis or problems with fusion |
|
|
Term
| Example of Amblyopia is, ______, which is ________. |
|
Definition
| Strabismus – eye misalignment (lazy eye) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two examples of Cataracts: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Onchocerciasis a type of Cataracts, is aka _________ and caused by ________. |
|
Definition
‘river blindness”
Onchocerca vulvus |
|
|
Term
| Trachomaa type of Cataracts, is caused by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gasturalation at day ____ with the appearance of the primitive streak begins the definition of _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| cranial-caudal and medial-lateral axes. |
|
|
Term
| The ______ , a transient structure just beneath the primitive streak, produces inductive proteins that signal the above lying neuroectoderm to differentiate and eventually give rise to the entire nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ and ______ of proteins, among others, are inductive factors that initiate the cell migration and differentiation needed for the beginning of the primitive streak and the eventual beginning of neurulation. |
|
Definition
| Tgfβ (beta) and Wnt family |
|
|
Term
| Are the brain vesicles visible before or after neuraltion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurulation is the process of ______. |
|
Definition
| the formation of the neural plate and closure of the neural folds and neuropores to form the neural tube. |
|
|
Term
| The neural tube subsequently gives rise to the _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural plate is induced by notochord signaling and now begins to fold inwardly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The neural groove is formed by the migration and differentiation of new cells. |
|
|
Term
| At Day 20 the neural plate cells just above the notochord become _______ and the cells at the apex of the neural groove folds become ________. |
|
Definition
floorplate (epithelial cells)
neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The neural tube begins to close |
|
|
Term
| Day 22 The neural tube begins to close, starting at the _______ and closing towards _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Day 22 _______ are now visible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somites visible at Day 22 can be used to _______. |
|
Definition
| since they too develop first in the cervical region, one can discern cranial and caudal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial neuropore fully closes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caudal neuropore fully closes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alar and basal plate form. Motor neurons appear in ventral column of the neural tube. Sulcus limitans
and hypothalamic sulcus are now present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal root ganglia are present at most levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventral roots begin to form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinal nerves sprout and grow into myotomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Telencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________. |
|
Definition
a) cerebral hemispheres
b) basal ganglion
c) hippocampal formation
d) amygdala
e) olfactory bulb
f) lamina terminalis - is the rostral end of the neural tube |
|
|
Term
| Diencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________. |
|
Definition
a) thalamus
b) hypothalamus
c) epithalamus
d) neural retina, optic nerves and tracts |
|
|
Term
| Mesencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________. |
|
Definition
a) cerebral peduncles
b) midbrain tectum: superior and inferior colliculi
b) midbrain tegmentum |
|
|
Term
| Metencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelencephalon Adult derivatives: ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major C-shaped structures: develop by following the general contours of the ventricular system: ________. |
|
Definition
a) caudate nucleus
b) cingulate and parahipocampal gyri
c) corpus callosum
d) hippocampus and fornix
e) stria terminalis |
|
|
Term
| Inductive signaling for neuronal differentiation in the CNS: ___________. |
|
Definition
Notch and Nrg
Oligo 1/2 and Nkx2.1
bHLH family |
|
|
Term
| _____-> astrocyte production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____-> oligodendrocyte production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____-> neuron production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inductive signaling for cellular differentiation in the PNS: ______. |
|
Definition
Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Fgf2
Leukocyte inducing factor
Ngf |
|
|
Term
| _____-> cholinergic neuron |
|
Definition
| Ciliary neurotrophic factor |
|
|
Term
| _____-> sympathetic neuron precursors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leukocyte inducing factor |
|
|
Term
| _____-> adrenergic neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A berry aneurysm at the basilar tip would affect CN_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common and 2nd most common berry aneurysm sites? |
|
Definition
most common anterior communicating (30%)
Posterior Communicating (25%) |
|
|
Term
| Subcortical telencephalic nuclei: __________. |
|
Definition
Basal ganglia
Limbic System |
|
|
Term
| Basal ganglia: __________. |
|
Definition
| Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala |
|
|
Term
| Basal Ganglia according to Phylogenetic (developmental) nomenclature: ________. |
|
Definition
paleostriatum – globus pallidus
neostriatum – caudate and putamen |
|
|
Term
| Basal Ganglia according to Anatomic (relationship) nomenclature: ________. |
|
Definition
| lenticular nucleus: putamen and globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Huntington’s disease is a degeneration of ________. |
|
Definition
| the head of caudate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Lenticulocaudate- _______. |
|
Definition
| Anterior limb of the internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| Lenticulothalamic- _______. |
|
Definition
| Posterior limb of the internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| In the Diencephalon, the Sulcus limitans is known as the _______ and divides ______, with _____ function, and _______, with _____ function. |
|
Definition
Hypothalamic sulcus
Sensory (thalamus)
Motor (hypothalamus) |
|
|
Term
| Before the neural tube differentiates, the Sulcus limitans separates _______ & _______. |
|
Definition
Sensory (Alar plate)
Motor (Basal Plate) |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the choroid plexus of the anterior horn, body, and posterior horn of the lateral ventricles? |
|
Definition
| Lateral (more posterior) and Medial (more anterior) Posterior Choroidal Artery |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the choroid plexus of the temporal (inferior) horn of the lateral ventricles? |
|
Definition
| Anterior Choroidal Artery off the (Internal CA) |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
| AICA/PICA (Anterior/Posterior Cerebellar Arteries) |
|
|
Term
| Subdivisions of the Diencephalon: __________. |
|
Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus |
|
|
Term
| The Thalamus is divided into ______ and _______ subdivisions by the ________. |
|
Definition
medial and lateral
internal medullary lamina |
|
|
Term
| Nuclei of the Thalamus that can be identified on a gross brain: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulvinar nucleus is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus subdivisions: _______. |
|
Definition
Anterior (supraoptic)
Middle (tuberal)
Posterior (mammillary) |
|
|
Term
| Epithalamus subdivisions: _______. |
|
Definition
Pineal
Habenular nuclei
Posterior Commissure |
|
|
Term
| Subthalamus subdivisions: _______. |
|
Definition
Subthalamic nucleus
Zona Incerta
Fields of Forel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inferior colliculus is involved in the ______ pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limbic Lobe
Hippocampal formation (fornix)
Amygdala (stria terminalis)
Nucleus basalis of Meynert (Nucleus Basalis)
Anterior perforated substance |
|
|
Term
| The Limbic lobe is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Limbic lobe is composed of: ______ gyri. |
|
Definition
| Subcallosal, cingulate and parahippocampal gyri |
|
|
Term
| The Hippocampal formation (fornix) is composed of: ______. |
|
Definition
| Hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum |
|
|
Term
| Parinaud syndrome, aka _______, is caused by lesions of the ______ and is characterized by __________. Commonly caused by ________. |
|
Definition
Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome
Dorsal Midbrain/Tectum, specifically Superior Colliculus
Paralysis of upward gaze is diagnostic. Downward gaze is preserved.
Pineal Tumor |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac glycosides affect CSF production how? |
|
Definition
| inhibit Na/K ATPase pump, thereby reducing CSF production in a dose-dependent manner |
|
|
Term
| Example of a Cardiac glycoside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some _______, like _______ increase CSF production. |
|
Definition
| anesthetics (e.g. ketamine) |
|
|
Term
| Aging, increase or decrease CSF production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ serum osmality decreases CSF production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to differentiate Bacterial Meningitis? |
|
Definition
Elevated Protein
Depressed Glc
PMNs |
|
|
Term
| How to differentiate Viral Meningitis? |
|
Definition
Slightly! elevated protein
Normal Glc
High Leukocyte count |
|
|
Term
| conus medullaris typically terminates at about vertebral level _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turbidity of CSF is due to ______ or _______. |
|
Definition
| elevated WBC count or bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Xanthochromia (________) is due to __________. |
|
Definition
yellow-colored (bilirubin)
blood in CSF for >6 hrs |
|
|
Term
| Erythrochromia (________) is due to __________. |
|
Definition
| reddish-colored CSF, due to presence of blood <6 hrs; traumatic tap?, acute hemorrhage? |
|
|
Term
| Common CSF acute bacterial infectious agents Infants: ___________. |
|
Definition
| Strep pneumoniae, Listeria, Hemophilus influenza |
|
|
Term
| Common CSF acute bacterial infectious agents Children: ___________. |
|
Definition
| Neisseria, Strep pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenza |
|
|
Term
| Common CSF acute bacterial infectious agents Adults: ___________. |
|
Definition
| Strep pneumoniae, Staph aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgG values increase due to intrathecal production |
|
|
Term
| Most common cause of hydrocephalus in infants is _______ caused by __________. |
|
Definition
fetal viral infection
Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex affective behavior & emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organize and initiate movement (motor coordination) |
|
|
Term
| Basal ganglia composed of: ________. |
|
Definition
| caudate, putamen, globus pallidus |
|
|
Term
| Hippocampus and fornix function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Septal nuclei is the ________. |
|
Definition
| intersection of limbic & cortical systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premotor area & frontal eye fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual association areas (occipital lobe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language comprehension (Wernicke’s area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception, vision, reading, speech (angular gyrus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor speech, expression (Broca’s area) |
|
|
Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract = Lateral corticospinal tract = extremities involved in __________ movements. |
|
Definition
| rapid dextrous movements. |
|
|
Term
| Medial intermediate zone = _______. |
|
Definition
| axial and girth muscles involved in tone, balance and orientation |
|
|
Term
| The somatosensory “long tracts” of the nervous system are the ______ & __________. |
|
Definition
| Posterior (Dorsal) Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway shown here and the Anterolateral Pathway |
|
|
Term
| Association cortex communicates ______. |
|
Definition
| via white matter tract connections. |
|
|
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = ipsilateral connections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = long tracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = contralateral hemispheric connections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHITE MATTER:
________ = cerebral cortex connects with other regions of the brain or spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Cortical ______ can become demyelinated in degenerative demyelinating diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left hemisphere is dominant for 95% of right-hander’s and 60-70% of left-handers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left hemisphere specialized functions: __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right hemisphere specialized functions: ________. |
|
Definition
- 3D visuospatial processing
- Rudimentary speech
- Emotional coloring of language |
|
|
Term
Projection System: Reticular Formation
Location of Cell Bodies: __________.
Main Target: _____________.
Function: __________. |
|
Definition
Midbrain and Rostral Pons
Thalamic intralaminar nuclei, hypothalamus, basal forebrain
alertness |
|
|
Term
Projection System: Norepinephrine
Location of Cell Bodies: __________.
Main Target: _____________.
Function: __________. |
|
Definition
Pons: Locus Ceruleus and lateral tegmental area
Entire CNS
Alertness, Mood elevation |
|
|
Term
Projection System: Dopamine
Location of Cell Bodies: __________.
Main Target: _____________.
Function: __________. |
|
Definition
Midbrain: substania nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area
Striatum, Limbic System, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex
movements, initiative, working memory |
|
|
Term
Projection System: Serotonin
Location of Cell Bodies: __________.
Main Target: _____________.
Function: __________. |
|
Definition
Midbrain and pons: Raphe Nuclei
Entire CNS
Mood elevation |
|
|
Term
Projection System: Histamine
Location of Cell Bodies: __________.
Main Target: _____________.
Function: __________. |
|
Definition
Hypothalmaus: tuberomamillary nucleus; Midbrain: reticular formation
Entire Brain
Alrtness |
|
|
Term
| ______ + _______ -> ACh + ________ |
|
Definition
| Acetyl Coenzyme A + Choline -> ACh + Coenzyme A |
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of ACh is catalyzed by ______. |
|
Definition
| Choline Acetyltransferase (CAT) |
|
|
Term
| Choline Acetyltransferase (CAT) is located where? |
|
Definition
| axon terminal cytoplasm and synaptic vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Availability of choline (uptake by the presynaptic terminal) |
|
|
Term
| __________ catalyzes ACh hydrolysis with extremely fast reaction rate (80 microseconds). |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is located where? |
|
Definition
| synaptic cleft, usually lipid-bound to postsynaptic membrane. |
|
|
Term
| About one-half of liberated choline via Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is transported ________ via high affinity active transport. |
|
Definition
| into presynaptic terminals |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine main nucleus, ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine Cell Bodies: ________. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Basal forebrain
Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band
Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei & Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei |
|
|
Term
(Acetylcholine) Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Basal forebrain projects to: __________.
Function: ___________. |
|
Definition
cerebral cortex
(modulates activity) |
|
|
Term
(Acetylcholine) Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band projects to: __________.
Function: ___________. |
|
Definition
hippocampal formation
(induces theta rhythm, thought to be important for learning and memory) |
|
|
Term
(Acetylcholine) Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei & Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei projects to: __________.
Function: ___________. |
|
Definition
(PTN & LTN)
PTN & LTN -> medial thalamus (cholinergic component of reticular activating system)
PTN -> brainstem motor nuclei (e.g., reticulospinal tract) |
|
|
Term
| The Forebrain Cholinergic (ACh) Systems: __________. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Basalis
Medial Septal nucleus & Nucleus of Diagonal Band |
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic (ACh) projections from ______ & ________ modulate neural activity in the cerebral cortex to influence _______. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Basalis and Medial Septal nucleus
cognitive function |
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic (ACh) projections from _______ & ______ modulate neural activity hippocampal formation to influence ________. |
|
Definition
Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band
learning and memory functions |
|
|
Term
| Effects of the Cholinergic (ACh) pathways are mediated mostly by _____ receptors. |
|
Definition
| M1 (Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1) |
|
|
Term
| Neurodegenerative disease associated with what pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's Disease is the loss of ACh cell bodies in the ________ & _______ and their associated fiber tracts. |
|
Definition
| Nucleus Basalis and Medial Septal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| ACh pathway degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and formation of plaques & tangles in: __________. |
|
Definition
temporal-parietal cortex
fusiform gyrus
hippocampal formation |
|
|
Term
| ACh pathway degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and formation of plaques & tangles in: temporal-parietal cortex (_______), fusiform gyrus (__________), hippocampal formation (_________). |
|
Definition
temporal-parietal cortex (Wernicke’s area = speech comprehension)
fusiform gyrus (face recognition
hippocampal formation (learning and memory) |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's is associated with widespread degeneration of cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex, from ______ and to the hippocampal formation, from _______. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
Medial Septal nucleus and Nucleus of Diagonal Band |
|
|
Term
| Types of Monoamine Neurotransmitters: _______ |
|
Definition
-Dopamine (DA)
–Norepinephrine (NE) = Noradenaline (NA)
–Serotonin = 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) |
|
|
Term
| Monoamine structure is ________. |
|
Definition
| single amino bound to an aromatic ring |
|
|
Term
| All monoamines are derived from ______ such as ______ & _______ and tryptophan. |
|
Definition
aromatic amino acids
tyrosine
tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Monoamines derived from tyrosine: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monoamines derived from tryptophan : _______. |
|
Definition
| Serotonin = 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the monamines is not a Catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| Serotonin = 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine synthesis/release takes place where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is a ______, but not a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons of monoamines have thousands of __________. |
|
Definition
| varicosities (release sites) |
|
|
Term
| Axons of monoamines are myelinated/unmyelinated with slow/fast conduction velocities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is pigmented in fresh tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine Pathway Cell Bodies of the Midbrain: ____________. |
|
Definition
Substantia nigra pars compacta
Ventral Tegmental area (of the midbrain)
Retrorubral nucleus (located caudal to substantia nigra) |
|
|
Term
| The _______ pathway, the Substantia nigra pars compacta has: _________ projections. |
|
Definition
Dopamine
Mesostriatal projection |
|
|
Term
| The _______ pathway, the Substantia nigra pars compacta Mesostriatal projection to _______ functions in ________ and is implicated in ________ pathology. |
|
Definition
Dopamine
Mesostriatal projection to striatum (DA nigrostriatal projection); functions in motor initiation; degenerates in Parkinsons disease. |
|
|
Term
| The _______ pathway, the Ventral Tegmental area has: _________ projections. |
|
Definition
Dopamine
Mesolimbic projection
Mesocortical projection |
|
|
Term
| The Dopamine pathway, the Ventral Tegmental Mesolimbic projection to _______ functions in ________. |
|
Definition
| projection to limbic system (nucleus accumbens, amgydala, medial temporal cortex, cingulate cortex); implicated in rewarding and addictive behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| The Dopamine pathway, the Ventral Tegmental Mesocortical projection to _______ functions in ________ and implicated in _______ pathology. |
|
Definition
| prefrontal cortex; implicated in working memory and psychiatric disorders |
|
|
Term
| The Dopamine pathway of the midbrain, Retrorubral nucleus, is implicated in _______ pathology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dopamine pathway of the Diencephalon, serves a ______ function through the ______ system that _________. |
|
Definition
| Endocrine function: tuberoinfundibular system that inhibits prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three Dopamine projections of the midbrain: meso______ and where they're from. |
|
Definition
Mesostriatal (Substania Nigra Pars Compacta)
Mesolimbic (Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain)
Mesocortical (Ventral Tegmental Area of the Midbrain) |
|
|
Term
| •In general, dopaminergic systems are involved in mediating _______ & ______ and its presence is necessary for maintaining normal activity levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ systems help you get off the couch and socialize or exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorders and their causes associated with DA systems: ____________. |
|
Definition
•Parkinson’s disease (substantia nigra projections [mesostrital] deteriorate)
•Schizophrenia (mesocortical system)
•Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Too little dopamine, because effectively metabolized) |
|
|
Term
| Cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease: __________. |
|
Definition
TRAP
–Tremor at rest
–Rigidity (usually end stage)
–Akinesia that evolves from bradykinesia
–Postural instability |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia is linked to abnormalities in the _______, including: ____________. |
|
Definition
limbic system
amygdala and hippocampal formation, and prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| ______ dopamine tone is often associated with schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is treated with Ritalin, because it _______. |
|
Definition
| blocks the overactive transporters that uptake dopamine and promotes release |
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathways' cell bodies are located in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathways' cell bodies: ________. |
|
Definition
Locus Ceruleus (LC)
Lateral Tegmental Area |
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathway's Locus Ceruleus (LC) can be identified in fresh tissue by ______ or by ______ with staining. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathway's Locus Ceruleus (LC) cell bodies play a role in: ________. |
|
Definition
Role in arousal: increased activity during wakefulness, decreased activity during sleep.
Pain modulation (descending projections to spinal cord dorsal horn) |
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathway's Locus Ceruleus (LC) cell bodies is implicated in _______ pathology. |
|
Definition
| mood disorders, depression |
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathway's Lateral Tegmental Area is distributed in the _______ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathway's Lateral Tegmental Area functions in ________. |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure regulation |
|
|
Term
| The Norepinephrine Pathway's Lateral Tegmental Area functions in Blood pressure regulation via direct and indirect influences on _______ neurons. |
|
Definition
| preganglionic sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin cell bodies: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin Pathway's Raphé nuclei are located where? |
|
Definition
| Midline along the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin Raphé nuclei in the spinal cord and periaqueductal gray function in ________ by _________. |
|
Definition
Analgesia
decreasing activity of ascending pain pathways in spinal cord dorsal horn. |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin Raphé nuclei influence the sleep wake cycle, and its inhibition produces _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is involved in Psychiatric disorders such as: __________. |
|
Definition
| depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggression and anxiety. |
|
|
Term
| Complementary Cortical Innervation by ______ & _______ neuromodulators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Histamine Pathway's nucleus is ________ and is located where in the brain? |
|
Definition
| Tuberomammillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| The Histamine Pathway's Tuberomammillary nucleus in posterior hypothalamus projects to the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Histamine Pathway's Tuberomammillary nucleus projection to the cerebral cortex serves what function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histaminergic neurons fire rapidly during _______, fire more slowly during periods of _________, and cease firing during ________. |
|
Definition
waking
relaxation and tiredness
sleep |
|
|
Term
| Opioids examples: ________. |
|
Definition
| Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins |
|
|
Term
| Endorphins and enkephalins are used by pain modulating pathways, especially _________ projections to ________. |
|
Definition
descending brainstem
spinal cord dorsal horn. |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters act in pain modulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rostral ventral medulla projection to spinal cord uses ______ neurotransmitter for pain modulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Locus Ceruleus projection to spinal cord uses ______ neurotransmitter for pain modulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brainstem projections, including those of the "reticular activating system", serve to activate the CNS via projections to _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| thalamus and cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the upper brain stem through cortical and subcortical projections using: _________ neuromodulatory sytems |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the upper brain stem through thalamic projections using ______ neuromodulators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the Posterior hypothalamus through cortical and subcortical projections using ______ neuromodulators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alertness and Behavioral Arousal is accomplished from the Basal forebrain (nucleus basalis) through projections to the ______ using ______ neuromodulators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference in electrical potential. |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid = _mV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insert probe into cell.. Because of negatively charged proteins/ATP/ etc.. The voltage is _____mV at resting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If enough ____ enters through ligand gated channels, an action potential is stimulated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lets say an inhibitor neurotransmitter GABA, Glycine… open up ligand-gated _____ gates, influx of Cl- then K+ will be leaked out, results in a more negative cell, preventing an action potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory post synaptic potential: de/hyperpolarizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory post synaptic potential: _____ [Na+] or ______ [K+] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory post synaptic potential: de/hyperpolarizing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory post synaptic potential: increase [___] or decrease [___] |
|
Definition
| Increase [Cl-] or decrease [K+]. |
|
|
Term
| Differences between APs and Post Synaptic Potentials: _______ all or none, ______ graded. |
|
Definition
APs- all or none
PSPs- graded |
|
|
Term
| Differences between APs and Post Synaptic Potentials: _______ non-regenerative currents, ______ regenerative currents. |
|
Definition
PSPs- non-regenerative currents
APs- regenerative currents |
|
|
Term
| Action potential originates at the ______ where there is a large concentration of _______. |
|
Definition
axonal hillock
voltage-gated Na+ gates. |
|
|
Term
| Spatial summation refers to __________. |
|
Definition
| the adding together of polarizing and depolarizing effects of different simultaneously active synapses. |
|
|
Term
| Temporal summation emphasizes that ___________. |
|
Definition
| synaptic potentials linger and therefore can add together over time |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the major neurotransmitter in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ligand-Gated receptors can be separtated into two classes: ______ & ________. |
|
Definition
| ionotropic and metabotropi |
|
|
Term
| Ionotropic receptors are found where? |
|
Definition
| attached directly to an ion channel |
|
|
Term
| What happen when an Ionotropic receptor binds its ligand? |
|
Definition
| ion channel either opens or closes |
|
|
Term
| Ionotropic receptors fast/slow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabotropic may open or close channels, but not _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabotropic may open or close channels, through __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Metabotropic receptors Ion flow depends on __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabotropic Extracellular domain to bind _________ & Intracellular domain has _______ binding sites. |
|
Definition
neurotransmitter
G-protein |
|
|
Term
| Action of the transmitter is to drive the ____synaptic membrane toward the _____ for the particular ion channel that is activated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmitters allow ions to _____ towards their Eeq |
|
Definition
| diffuse passively down their concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| Agonist _____ a biological response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antagonist _____ produce a biological response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two receptors effect are combined to produce the full EPSP of Glutamate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces the initial high spike and what produces the lag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tetanus is a clostrial neurotoxin that specifically cleaves the ______ molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The clostridium toxin inhibits the release of ______ from Renshaw inhibitor neurons. As a result, alpha motor neurons become _____ and muscles constantly contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a rat poison that is like GABA antagonists (bicuculline and picrotoxin in that they are powerful CNS stimulants). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strychnine poisoning causes _______ in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to _______. |
|
Definition
over activity in the spinal cord
seizures |
|
|
Term
| In addition, most neurons require the presence of one or more _______ factors, in order to survive and function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explanted sympathetic ganglion cells require the presence of _____ to grow neurites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type I- __________. |
|
Definition
| (projection neurons-axons are much longer than dendritic tree). |
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type II- __________. |
|
Definition
| (local circuit neurons, interneurons-axon length does not generally exceed the length of the dendritic tree). |
|
|
Term
| Actin is found mainly in the _____ of neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is the metabolic center of the neuron, especially for _______ synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The soma of a neuron has a _______ plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is concentrated in the soma and alows for easy identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tau stained Red is used to distinguish? |
|
Definition
| Axons, stains MT in the Axon exclusively |
|
|
Term
| MAP2 stained purple is used to distinguish? |
|
Definition
| Cell bodies and dendrites |
|
|
Term
| ______ vesicles and _______ granules are common features of neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipofuscin (age) granules is used as a marker for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dendrites are full of ______ while dendritic spines contain predominantly ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Repeated synaptic stimulation increases the number of ________ in _______ located neurons. |
|
Definition
dendritic spines
hippocampal |
|
|
Term
| ______ are the gate keepers for electric transmission of signals down the axon. |
|
Definition
| initial segment (past the axon hillock) |
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses use _______ to propagate the action potential from the “presynaptic element” to the “postsynaptic element.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantage of chemical synapses over electrical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vesicles are seen at pre or postsynaptic terminal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ serve as the “superhighway” for trafficking of materials, while _______ serve as “local” tracks in neurons. |
|
Definition
Microtubules
microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| _______ motors deliver materials distally (ANTEROGRADE), while _______ motors deliver materials back to the cell body (RETROGRADE). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local accumulations of neurons in the CNS that have roughly similar connections and functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Local accumulations of nerve cell bodies and supporting cells in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons in the CNS that are gathered together into a group. They are similar to nerves in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by cells in the target tissue of the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| NGF promotes the sprouting and extension of ________(enhances ______ activity). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After NGF binds to its receptor, the complex is endocytosed and transported ________to the cell body, where it communicates its survival signal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NGF is a member of a family of _______ factors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons are found in PNS/CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons communicate with: __________. |
|
Definition
1. Other neurons
2. Glands
3. Muscle
4. Adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| Multipolar neuron have more than one ______, but only one _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multipolar neurons examples, large motor neurons and __________. |
|
Definition
| post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar neuron locations: ______. |
|
Definition
| retina, olfactory epithelium and the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar neurons have _______ axons and _____ dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudounipolar neuron One process makes contact with ________, while the other synapses in the ______ |
|
Definition
sensory end-organs in the PNS
CNS |
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type I neuron aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type I neurons form ______ in the CNS and _______ in the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type II neuron Have axons that do not leave the _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type II neuron aka _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi Type II neurons function ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ cells of the CNS are examples of Golgi Type II neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleolus functions in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nissl bodies are absent from _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotubules are stabilized by ______. |
|
Definition
| microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) |
|
|
Term
| Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) types: __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ***MAP2 is a good marker for _______. |
|
Definition
| the cell body and dendrites |
|
|
Term
| ***Tau protein is a good marker for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments = ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments function in _______. |
|
Definition
| maintaining the caliber of large-diameter neurons |
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments three subtypes: _______. |
|
Definition
| NF-H (NeuroFilament Heavy), NF-M(edium), and NF-L(ight). |
|
|
Term
| Neurofilaments when mutated, symptoms of ___________ neuron diseases are observed (e.g., ________). |
|
Definition
motor
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, lou geirg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments = _________. |
|
Definition
| Actin Filaments (name not changed) |
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments are abundant in: ______. |
|
Definition
| axon terminals, dendritic spines and growth cones |
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments function in ______ transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments function in local transport through ______ motors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ diseases often show up first in neurons. |
|
Definition
| Storage (lysomal diseases) |
|
|
Term
| Within the head of a dendritic spine is a densely staining region called the "_______", which contains the neurotransmitter receptors plus other elements of signal transduction pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dendritic spines are associated only with _______ synapses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a good marker for axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tau Becomes hyperphosphorylated on non-traditional residues and sometimes becomes truncated in ______ diseased brains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is where Nissl substance ceases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| initial segment is where _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ & ______ stop short of the terminal synapse e, but _______ are numerous |
|
Definition
Microtubules and neurofilaments
actin filaments |
|
|
Term
| ________ is a membrane protein of the ________ that binds to a partner in the post-synaptic density to hold the two cells together, but also helps cluster and organize docking components and synaptic vesicles at the site of future vesicle fusion with the membrane. |
|
Definition
Neurexin
presynaptic terminal |
|
|
Term
| The membrane protein _____ is the post-synaptic binding partner of neurexin; also helps to organize the post-synaptic density. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultrastructurally, the motor end plate sits in a depression of the sarcolemma, called the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myosins for local trafficking by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rates--different materials travel at different rates down the axon.
a. Fast (anterograde) transport = 50-400 mm/day (0.6-4.6 μm/sec).
Material transported: mitochondria and vesicles of various types.
b. Slow transport = 0.1-4 mm/day (0.001-0.046 μm/sec).
Material transported: cytoskeletal fibers and cytosolic enzymes for transmitter metabolism.
c. Retrograde = about half the rate of fast anterograde transport (<=~200 mm/day).
Materials transported: mitochondria, vesicles of various types for recycling of components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viral (rabies, herpes, polio) replication and spreading spreads its virons by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Virons enter the neuron where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of neuro receptors do viruses enter through? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine receptor on muscles |
|
|
Term
| How do virons get into the CNS? |
|
Definition
| Traveling retrograde up the axons from the acetylcholine receptor on muscles |
|
|
Term
| Once shed in the CNS the virons then travel ______ to the ______. |
|
Definition
| Virions travel anterogradely down the motor axons to the salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Lysosomal storage diseases: _________. |
|
Definition
Tay-Sachs
Niemann-Pick disease |
|
|
Term
| Tay-Sachs is a deficiency in the enzyme _______ that is essential for the breakdown of ________. |
|
Definition
hexosaminidase A
GM2 gangliosides |
|
|
Term
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, "Lou Gehrig's disease") is a progressive degeneration of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis starts with limb weakness, eventually leads to paralysis of __________. |
|
Definition
| essential muscle groups associated with swallowing and breathing |
|
|
Term
| In ALS Death of the motor neurons leads to ____ of the associated muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the most common dementia known. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of __________ and the intracellularly ________. |
|
Definition
Amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein |
|
|
Term
| _______ is human prion disease. |
|
Definition
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) |
|
|
Term
| In Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Normal protein on extracellular surface (PrP) is changed to an abnormal, protease-resistant form by pre-existing abnormal prion protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature glia retain ability to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because Mature glia retain ability to divide, ________. |
|
Definition
| most NS tumors are glial in origin, such as malignant astrocytomas |
|
|
Term
| There is no ______ tissue within the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The areas around neurons, consisting of neuronal cell processes and glial cells, is called the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three main types of glial cells in the CNS are: ____________. |
|
Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells. |
|
|
Term
| In addition to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells, the other glial cell is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes two types: _________ (grey matter) & _______ (white matter). |
|
Definition
protoplasmic (gray matter) and fibrous
(white matter) |
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes possess a particular form of intermediate filament protein called, ____________. |
|
Definition
| Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) |
|
|
Term
| Most astrocytes are linked together via ______ to form a functional network. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes can be disinguished by? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytic end-feet associated with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| _______ is used as an astrocyte marker. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytic end-feet form a layer under the _______ to form the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytes cover various parts of neurons, including ______ & _______. |
|
Definition
| synapses and Nodes of Ranvier |
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes cell bodies bigger/smaller than astrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes types: _________. |
|
Definition
| interfascicular and satellite |
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes main function? |
|
Definition
| wrapping axons with myelin |
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes may wrap segments of _______ axons tightly, with multiple layers of membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the CNS, two main proteins are involved in the process of Oligodendrocytes myelinated: _________ & _______. |
|
Definition
| myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) |
|
|
Term
PLP (proteolipid protein) extracellular domains bind to
similar domains of abutting membranes,
helping to __________. |
|
Definition
| compact the myelin layers. |
|
|
Term
Important concept: Oligodendrocytes
wrap only _______, forming “_______”. |
|
Definition
small portions of each axon it is associated with
internodes |
|
|
Term
| ______ are needed to fully myelinate an CNS axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CNS Myelination diseases include multiple sclerosis (________), Charcot-Marie Tooth disease Type 1A (_______), Vitamin B12 deficiency (________), and virus-mediated loss. |
|
Definition
immune-mediated
inherited
metabolic |
|
|
Term
| Microglia are part of the ______ system and are originally derived from ______. |
|
Definition
| Part of the mononuclear phagocyte system; derived originally from bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| Microglia are activated by ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When activated Microglia serve _____. |
|
Definition
phagocytic functions: Proliferate
Secrete cytokines
Act as APCs
Increase phagocytic activity |
|
|
Term
| Ependymal cells communicate via? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized ependymal cell types: _______. |
|
Definition
Tanycytes:
Choroid plexus cells |
|
|
Term
| Tanycytes found in ____ ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tanycytes Have processes that extend into the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tanycytes function to provide feedback as to the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Choroid plexus cells exist as a neuroepithelial layer over a _____ core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells are Derived from ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells use _____ instead of PLP as with oligos. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference in function between Schwann cells and Oligos? |
|
Definition
| Schwann cells also wrap a single layer of membrane around unmyelinated axons. Unmyelinated nerves “sit” in an indented pocket of a Schwann cell, but there is no wrapping of glial cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
| ________ are modified Schwann cells that are found in peripheral ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Satellite cells either fully surround (in _________) or incompletely surround (in ________) the nerve somas. |
|
Definition
sensory ganglia like DRGs
sympathetic ganglia |
|
|
Term
| PNS demyelinating conditions: _________. |
|
Definition
Guillan-Barre’ disease
X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease
Vitamin B12 deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Glia, along with ________, form the "neuropil" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glial cell functions include: 1. Maintaining the ionic milieu of nerve cells.
2. Modulating the rate of nerve signal propagation-myelination.
3. Controlling the uptake of neurotransmitters and other material at or near the synaptic cleft.
4. Contributing to neuronal development.
5. Modulating recovery from neuronal injury. (Glial scar formation, edema, inflammation). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are a number of types of glial cells to consider:
1. Astrocytes (protoplasmic and fibrous). (CNS)
2. Oligodendrocytes. (CNS)
3. Microglial cells. (CNS)
4. Ependymal cells. (CNS)
5. Schwann cells. (PNS)
6. Satellite cells. (PNS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most astrocytes are linked together via _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
***5. Although the BBB provides great protection for the CNS, it obstructs the delivery of a variety of pharmaceuticals. Much current work is centered on finding ways to circumvent the BBB (at least transiently) for drug delivery.
**This is a useful concept to retain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Astrocytic end-feet also form the border between the ______ and _____, and is termed the "glia limitans". |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Astrocyte functions:
1. Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.
2. Provide scaffold for migrating, immature neurons during development.
3. Insulate neurons from each other, both physically and electrically.
4. Become phagocytic after injury (and are called "reactive astrocytes").
5. Also are responsible for the formation of "glial scars" after injury, which inhibits regrowth of axons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes: Two major proteins involved: _______ & ________. |
|
Definition
| myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) |
|
|
Term
| PLP's function is to facilitate ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells secrete a basal lamina around themselves? |
|
Definition
| Schwann cells (Oligo don't) |
|
|
Term
| Myelin coating restricts ______. |
|
Definition
| outward "leaking" of ions |
|
|
Term
| Where are sodium channels located along axons? |
|
Definition
| only at the Nodes of Ranvier |
|
|
Term
| Multiple sclerosis has been associated with aberrant posttranslational modification of ______. |
|
Definition
| MBP (oligo myelin protein) |
|
|
Term
| Best current treatment for MS is an antibody directed against _________, which impedes the attachment of _______ to the inflamed brain endothelium. |
|
Definition
alpha-4 integrin
lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Example of CNS Inherited demyelinating diseases? |
|
Definition
| Charcot-Marie Tooth disease Type 1A |
|
|
Term
| Charcot-Marie Tooth disease Type 1A Involves the duplication of a gene for a __________. |
|
Definition
| peripheral myelin protein |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic issue leading to CNS demyelinating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microglial cells are Derived from the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glial cells that can serve phagocytic function: __________. |
|
Definition
Microglial (main)
Astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| When ______ present, it attacks microglial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When HIV-1 virus present, it attacks microglial cells. This attack leads to the _________. |
|
Definition
| secretion of cytokines by the microglia that are toxic to neurons. |
|
|
Term
| When HIV-1 virus present, it attacks microglial cells. This attack leads to the secretion of cytokines by the microglia that are toxic to neurons. Can lead to AIDS-related dementia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CSF is low in _______, but rich in: ________. |
|
Definition
| Low in protein, but rich in sodium, potassium and chloride ions. |
|
|
Term
| A blood-CSF barrier exists, formed from the _______ of the lining epithelial cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreases in absorption of CSF, blockage of flow may result in __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells secrete a basal lamina (unlike oligos), which covers _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schmidt-Lanterman clefts are bulges that represent areas where Schwann cell cytoplasm _________. |
|
Definition
| has become trapped within the myelin lamellae |
|
|
Term
| Main myelinating proteins for Schwann cells: ________. |
|
Definition
Myelin basic protein (MBP) (Same as with oligo)
myelin protein zero (MPZ) (instead of PLP) |
|
|
Term
| Myelin protein zero (MPZ) function- ________. |
|
Definition
| adhesion of plasma membranes to each other |
|
|
Term
| PNS myelin contains more _______ & ________ than CNS myelin. |
|
Definition
| sphingomyelin and glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| The degree of myelin compaction (by Scwhann cells only) is regulated by an EGF-like protein called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One Schwann cell can be associated with numerous _______ axons, but with only one _______ axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS demyelinating diseases: ________. |
|
Definition
Guillan-Barre'
X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease
Vitamin B12 deficiency (both CNS/PNS) |
|
|
Term
| X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease. Involves a mutation in the ______, which is found at ______ and does what? |
|
Definition
| mutation in the connexin 32 gene. Cx32 is found at Nodes of Ranvier and connects abutting layers of myelin. |
|
|
Term
| Satellite cells are present in ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons release their neurotransmitters through _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of a neurotransmitter causes _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the AP arrives at the presynaptic terminal ______ open, causing a rapid ________. |
|
Definition
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
rise in [Ca2+ ]i |
|
|
Term
| Several important vesicular and plasma membrane proteins for Ca2+ triggered fusion Transmitter Secretion |
|
Definition
–NSF (N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor)
–SNAPs (soluble NSF attachment proteins)
–SNAREs (SNAp REceptors) |
|
|
Term
| SNAREs are composed of: ____. |
|
Definition
Synaptobrevin (VAMP) – vesicle protein
Syntaxin – target membrane protein
SNAP-25 – cytoplasm/target protein |
|
|
Term
| Toxins secreted by Clostridium sp. have two parts: ________. |
|
Definition
A subunit that can recognize an active zone on a neuron, then will breach the membrane
A catalytic domain |
|
|
Term
| The catalytic domain of Clostridium is a protease that can specifically cleave _______ proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cleaving SNAREs leads to the immediate cessation of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium sp. toxins: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renshaw cells are associated with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renshaw cells are what types of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renshaw cells are excitatory/inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renshaw cells are a target for _____ toxin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium tentani toxin inhibits the release of _______ from vesicles in Renshaw cells via _______-based cleavage of _______. |
|
Definition
glycine
SNARE
synaptobrevin |
|
|
Term
| Glycine receptors normally produce _PSPs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you block glycine receptors, alpha motor neurons become ______ and are constantly ______. |
|
Definition
| hyperactive and muscles constantly contract |
|
|
Term
| _____ blocks glycine receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strychnine poisoning causes over activity in the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strychnine is used as a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin is a _______ protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin mediates ___________. |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ regulation of release of neurotransmitter vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin binds _______ which alters _________. |
|
Definition
Ca2+
membrane binding properties |
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin mediate the ______ steps in fusion of vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin N-terminus is the binding site for _________ & __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| He came to the conclusion that ACh was released from the neuron in _________ and not single molecules. |
|
Definition
| packets (quanta) of thousands of molecules |
|
|
Term
| _______ blocks EPP (end plate potential) at the nerve muscle junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nicotinic-acetylcholine receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine esterase.. Neurotransmitter degradation. |
|
|
Term
| EPP =An end-plate potential is caused by the _________ found only on the ______synaptic membrane of the muscle cell. |
|
Definition
ligand-gated acetylcholine receptor channels
post |
|
|
Term
| A strong enough EPP will stimulate an ______ in the post synaptic membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When they added eserine, the EPPs got _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When they added a toxin like curare, the EPPs _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The surface area is huge (1000 square micrometers) compared to a neuron-neuron connection, so the net depolarization is large. So, an EPP is a very large _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do EPPs always cause an AP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPSPs are small/large and _______ to produce an AP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ cells release glutamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gln is taken up by secreting neuronal cells and then _________. |
|
Definition
| metabolized by a transaminase to Glu |
|
|
Term
| Glu is packaged into vesicles by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is the ______ neurotransmitter secreted in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glu is removed from the synapse by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glu is taken up by _______ and then _________. |
|
Definition
glial cells
converted back to Gln by glutamine synthetase |
|
|
Term
| ______ metabolized to GABA by _______ for GABAergic synapses. |
|
Definition
Glu
glutamate decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| GABA is taken up by GABA transporters and then metabolized to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter is removed by three mechanisms: _________. |
|
Definition
Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Re-uptake |
|
|
Term
| Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease with Ab against ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of Acetylcholine (Ach): ________ + __________, catalyzed by _______. |
|
Definition
Choline + acetyl CoA (acetate)
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) |
|
|
Term
| Degradation of ACh enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Active reuptake of choline into
synaptic terminal (by a _____-dependent co-transporter) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dopamine synthesis pathway? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Phenylketonuria Classic inborn error in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myasthenia Gravis is treated medically with ______. |
|
Definition
| acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Phenylketonuria is caused by mutations in _______. |
|
Definition
| phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) |
|
|
Term
| PAH converts ______ to _______. |
|
Definition
phenylalanine to tyrosine
(phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)) |
|
|
Term
| In PKU _____ acummulates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In PKU ______ is deficient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SSRIs (___________) and examples: ________. |
|
Definition
serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
Fluoxitine (Prozac)
Paroxetine (Paxil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collections of neuron cell bodies (and processes) in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| In DRG _______ completely surround neuron cell bodies, thus preventing synapses from forming. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic ganglia (AG) contain ______ neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are _______ present in the cerebellar white matter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three layers of cerebellum gray matter: ________ (and order). |
|
Definition
1. Granule Cell Layer (Innermost layer)
2. Purkinje Layer (Single row of cells)
3. Molecular Layer (Closest to free surface) |
|
|
Term
| Largest layer of cerebellum gray matter? |
|
Definition
| Granule Cell Layer (Innermost layer) |
|
|
Term
| The Granule Cell Layer contains both ______ cells and _____ cells, packed tightly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ cells are thought to be the most abundant class of neurons in the human brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granule cell axons bifurcate in the _______ and are called _______ for greater interaction with ______ dendrites. |
|
Definition
molecular layer
parallel fibers
Purkinje |
|
|
Term
| Granule cells function to _____. |
|
Definition
modify the output of Purkinje cells.
Granule |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje cells' axons are the only _______. |
|
Definition
| ones that actually leave the cerebellar cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje cells are the ultimate destination of ________. |
|
Definition
| afferent pathways to the cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| Purkinje cells have very large somas and very large ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Molecular layer contains ________ and ______ cells. |
|
Definition
| basket cells, stellate cells |
|
|
Term
| The Molecular layer is neuron _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main function of the basket and stellate cells is to modify ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Molecular layer contains dendrites from _________ & _________ and axons from _________. |
|
Definition
Purkinje cells & Golgi cells
granule cells |
|
|
Term
The Cerebral Cortex areas with three layers are considered more evolutionarily primitive, comprising the
“______” (most primitive) and the “_________” (less primitive). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The “________” (with six layers) is considered to be the most recent addition to the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Betz cells have the ______ in the human CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Betz cells are found in layer _______ of the _______. |
|
Definition
| Layer 5 of the primary motor cortex (brodman area 4) |
|
|
Term
| Under normal circumstances, CNS extracts 50% of oxygen and 10% of glucose from blood, representing a safety factor of _ times its required O2 and _ times its required glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Irreversible brain damage occurs if CBF is sustained at less than ____ brain tissue/min. |
|
Definition
15 ml/100 gm
one-third the normal CBF of 50 ml/100 gm |
|
|
Term
| Insufficient oxygen and glucose leads to an Inadequate energy supply leading to in severe ischemia: ________. |
|
Definition
Influx of water, Na+, Cl- (Cytotoxic edema)
Influx of Ca2+ (Irreversible cellular injury)
Anaerobic metabolism (Accumulation of lactic acid and H+ compromises neuronal integrity) |
|
|
Term
| Loss of function in advanced ischemia leads to the release of ______ and ______. which binds ________ causing ______. |
|
Definition
| Loss of function causes release of glutamate and aspartate which bind to NMDA receptors -> excessive Ca++ influx |
|
|
Term
| Autoregulation of CBF mechanisms: _________. |
|
Definition
1 Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
2 Response to metabolites
3 Nervous innervation of cerebral vessels
4 Vasoactive substances released by astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Cerebral blood vessels dynamically _______ in response to changes in perfusion pressure to help maintain appropriate CBF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure takes up to ______ to occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure may become impaired following _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response to Cerebral Perfusion Pressure is an example of a ______ mechanism, meaning _________. |
|
Definition
| This is a global mechanism, i.e., involves blood flow to the entire brain/CNS. |
|
|
Term
| Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) = _______. |
|
Definition
CPP = MAP - ICP
CPP = Cerebral Perfusion Pressure MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure ICP = Intracranial Pressure |
|
|
Term
| When CPP increases (usually from ________), cerebral vessels _________. |
|
Definition
| When CPP increases (usually from increased MAP), cerebral vessels constrict (i.e., cerebral vascular resistance increases). |
|
|
Term
| CBF is maintained constant over a wide range of _______. |
|
Definition
| mean arterial blood pressures (50 to 150 mm Hg) |
|
|
Term
| Constant CBF is maintained with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inadequate CBF can occur with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When MAP falls below 50 mm Hg, _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When MAP falls below 50 mm Hg, O2 extraction increases, so ischemia may not occur until MAP approaches _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response to metabolites to maintain CBF is a ______ mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Response to metabolites, vessels dialate in response to ____________ in brain ________. Inverse changes have opposite effects. |
|
Definition
increases in CO2 or H+ levels (and to decreases in O2 levels)
brain extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| CO2 increases CBF indirectly, via ____. |
|
Definition
H+
(CO2 + H2O ==> H2CO3 ==> H+ + HCO3-) |
|
|
Term
| With response to metabolites CBF changes influenced more by ______ than by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nervous innervation of cerebral arteries for regulating CBF is provided by _________ and _______ fibers. |
|
Definition
| autonomic and central fibers (e.g., serotonergic). |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is a _______ for many cerebral vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ release vasoactive compounds, like ________, to dilate cerebral vessels locally. |
|
Definition
"endfeet" processes of astrocytes,
nitric oxide |
|
|
Term
| _______ arterys ascend through the transverse foramina of the _______ vertebrae and enter the skull through the _________. |
|
Definition
Vertebral-Basilar
C6 to C1
foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the blood supply to the Source of blood supply to brainstem and cerebellum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vertebral artery gives rise to:______ arteries. |
|
Definition
spinal (anterior and posterior)
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior spinal arteries (May also branch off _____) supply: _______. |
|
Definition
PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar arteries)
posterior medulla and posterior spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Anterior spinal artery supply: _______. |
|
Definition
| medial medulla and anterior spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) supply: _______. |
|
Definition
| supplies posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum, and lateral medulla |
|
|
Term
Posterior Medulla supplied by: _______.
Medial Medulla _______.
Lateral Medulla ______. |
|
Definition
Posterior spinal artery
Anterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) infarction causes _______. |
|
Definition
| lateral medullary syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Lateral medullary syndrome (also called Wallenberg syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome) |
|
Definition
trunk (torso) and extremities on the opposite side of the infarction and sensory deficits affecting the face and cranial nerves on the same side with the infarct.
Specifically, there is a loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body and ipsilateral (same) side of the face. |
|
|
Term
| Two vertebral arteries join at the _______ to form basilar artery on the ______ surface of ______. |
|
Definition
caudal pons
ventral surface of the pons |
|
|
Term
| Basilar artery terminates at _______ level as left and right _______, which supply ________. |
|
Definition
midbrain
posterior cerebral arteries
caudal regions of cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Basilar artery gives rise to: _________. |
|
Definition
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA)
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) arteries (usually branches off the AICA; can also originate from the basilar artery)
Pontine arteries
Superior cerebellar arteries
and terminates as posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA) supplies _________ parts of cerebellum and the _______. |
|
Definition
anterior and inferior
caudal pons |
|
|
Term
| Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA) infarction causes ________. |
|
Definition
| lateral pontine syndrome (supplies the caudal pons) |
|
|
Term
| A lateral pontine syndrome is a lesion which is similar to the Lateral medullary syndrome, but because it occurs in the pons, it also involves the cranial nerve nuclei of the pons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) arteries supply: ________. |
|
Definition
| supplies inner and middle ear |
|
|
Term
| Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) arteries infarction causes ________. |
|
Definition
| impaired auditory and vestibular function |
|
|
Term
| Pontine arteries supplies the pons through ________/________ pontine arteries. |
|
Definition
| paramedian/ circumferential pontine arteries |
|
|
Term
| Pontine arteries infarction causes ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locked-in syndrome: ___________. |
|
Definition
| Paralyzed, but conscious, can only move eyes upward because of the cutting of of the descending tracts |
|
|
Term
| Locked-in syndrome usually results in quadriplegia and the inability to speak in otherwise cognitively intact individuals. Those with locked-in syndrome may be able to communicate with others through coded messages by blinking or moving their eyes, which are often not affected by the paralysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior cerebellar arteries supplies _____ portion of the cerebellum and _________. |
|
Definition
superior
rostral pons(caudal pons by AICA Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries) / caudal midbrain |
|
|
Term
| Superior cerebellar artery aneurysm causes _________. |
|
Definition
| compress cranial nerve III (extraocular muscle palsy, dilated pupil) |
|
|
Term
| Medial meduallary syndrome caused by _____ infarction. |
|
Definition
| Anterior spinal artery (supplies medial medulla and anterior spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| Lateral meduallary syndrome caused by _____ infarction. |
|
Definition
| Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA) (supplies posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum, and lateral medulla) |
|
|
Term
| Medial medullary syndrome? |
|
Definition
| contrallateral weakness, face and hypoglossal ipsilateral |
|
|
Term
| Medulla is supplied by the: _________. |
|
Definition
| Vertebral artery; Anterior and Posterior spinal arteries; PICA |
|
|
Term
| Branches of Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply: ___________. |
|
Definition
| occipital lobes and inferior / medial aspect of temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Ophthalmic artery supplies _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ophthalmic artery branches off of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branches of internal carotid artery: |
|
Definition
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Posterior communicating artery
Terminates as: Anterior cerebral artery & Middle cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
| Anterior choroidal artery supplies: ________. |
|
Definition
| optic tract, choroid plexus, cerebral peduncles, posterior limb of internal capsule, globus pallidus (caudal part), lateral geniculate nucleus and other deep forebrain and midbrain structures (hippocampal formation, amygdala, red nucleus, others). |
|
|
Term
| Infarction of the Anterior choroidal artery can causes: _________. |
|
Definition
contralateral: hemiplegia, hemi-hypoesthesia,
homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Infarction of the Anterior choroidal resulting in contralateral hemiplegia, is caused by loss of blood flow to _______. |
|
Definition
| posterior limb of the internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| Infarction of the Anterior choroidal resulting in contralateral hemi-hypoesthesia, is caused by loss of blood flow to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infarction of the Anterior choroidal resulting in homonymous hemianopsia, is caused by loss of blood flow to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embolus in internal carotid is more likely to get lodged in ACA or MCA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal carotid terminates by bifurcating into two major paired cerebral arteries: |
|
Definition
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
| Anterior cerebral artery supplies: _______. |
|
Definition
| medial aspect of frontal and parietal lobes. |
|
|
Term
| Middle cerebral artery and its branches supply: ________. |
|
Definition
| insula and lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere. |
|
|
Term
| Categories of Branches of Cerebral Arteries: __________. |
|
Definition
Cortical (Circumferential) branches
Central (Ganglionic) branches |
|
|
Term
| Cortical (Circumferential) branches supply? |
|
Definition
| superficial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Central (Ganglionic) branches supply? and arise from? |
|
Definition
| deeper structures in the brain (central branches also arise from the Circle of Willis) |
|
|
Term
| Arteries on surface of brain and spinal cord travel in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Central (Ganglionic) branches
Arise from anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries, to supply deep forebrain structures such as: _______. |
|
Definition
| diencephalon, basal ganglia and internal capsule. |
|
|
Term
| Medial striate arteries are a branch of _______ and supply: __________. |
|
Definition
anterior cerebral artery
parts of caudate, putamen and internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| Largest of the Medial striate arteries? |
|
Definition
| Recurrent artery of Heubner |
|
|
Term
| The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, the nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two major descending tracts are affected in Capsular Hemiplegia? |
|
Definition
| Corticobulbar (Motor for CNs) and Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
Term
| If you see a lot of ______ you know you are in the posterior limb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of posterior limb is supplied by ________; caudal portions supplied by _________. |
|
Definition
lateral striate arteries
anterior choroidal artery |
|
|
Term
| Corticobulbar fibers pass through ________ and are also often damaged in Capsular Hemiplegia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A1: Extends from internal carotid artery to the _________. |
|
Definition
| anterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| Most of the _________ arise from A1. |
|
Definition
| small medial lenticulostriate arteries |
|
|
Term
| A2: Extends from A1 to __________. |
|
Definition
| bifurcation that forms the pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries. |
|
|
Term
| A2: Gives rise to: __________. |
|
Definition
| recurrent artery of Heubner (90% from A2; 10% from A1) and, more distally, to orbitofrontal artery and frontopolar artery |
|
|
Term
| A3: Also termed the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A3: Also termed the pericallosal artery, this is the _______ of the ACA and gives rise to _________. |
|
Definition
main terminal branch
callosomarginal artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M1: This proximal unbranched segment gives rise to the __________ arteries, and extends until the ________. |
|
Definition
lateral lenticulo-striate arteries
beginning of the insula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M3: Extends laterally from the ______ towards to the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M4: Extends in all directions distal to the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M4: branches supply the ____________. |
|
Definition
| lateral aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
| P1: Extends from the ________ to the ________. |
|
Definition
basilar artery
posterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| P2: Extends from P1 to the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2 of the PCA supplies: _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P3 : From the posterior aspect of midbrain to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| termination of PCA in calcarine sulcus |
|
|
Term
| P4 gives rise to the ________ artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The calcarine artery off P4 supplies what important structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two major sites of anastomoses between internal carotid and vertebral-basilar systems: ___________. |
|
Definition
–Circle of Willis
–Watershed zones |
|
|
Term
| Posterior communicating artery aneurysm causes _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior communicating artery aneurysm causes _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An Anterior communicating artery aneurysm causes bitemporal hemianopsia, because _________. |
|
Definition
| It impedes on the optic chiasm and knocks out lateral vision of both eyes |
|
|
Term
| The circle of Willis encircles the ________ and ________ on the ventral surface of the diencephalon. |
|
Definition
| optic chiasm and pituitary |
|
|
Term
| The primary source of blood to the meninges is the _______, a branch of the maxillary artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| However, some levels of spinal cord have little collateral circulation. These spinal levels are susceptible to infarction following occlusion of supplying segmental artery: __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Venous drainage of the brain is direct/indirect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ play an immunological role within the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CNS is said to be immunologically ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are Schwann cells greater than oligodendrocytes when it comes to healing? |
|
Definition
| Oligo promote scarring an secrete NoGo |
|
|
