Term
| What is an adaptive change in behavior brought about by experience and involving a CNS neuronal mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
plastic changes can occur anywhere in nervous system and learning involves the CNS and PNS. |
|
Definition
False
plastic changes can occur anywhere in nervous system, but learning only in CNS |
|
|
Term
| What is the storage and recall of a past experience? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of memory? |
|
Definition
Declarative memory
Procedural |
|
|
Term
| What type of memory is accessible to conscious recollection and can be "verbalized"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of memory is involved with skill, habit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
Memory that is declarative at one point in time can become procedural in another point in time. |
|
Definition
True
ex: golfers, pianists (had to think about to get to the key and then you don't have to think about the finger placement anymore/can do them much faster) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for procedural memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things are associated with implicit memory and where in the brain do they come from? |
|
Definition
skills and habits (playing piano)-striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum
emotional associations (where you associate emotion with an object) - amygdala
conditional reflexes-cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for a repeating stimuli together makes an association |
|
Definition
classical conditioning
(bell, food, and the dog) |
|
|
Term
| Where does information from the example of the eye and air puff tactile merge together and store in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of declarative (explicit) memory and what types of memory are they for? |
|
Definition
Semantic (memory for information- ex: info for a test)
Episodic (memory for personal experiences - ex: what you had for breakfast) |
|
|
Term
| What are some strategies to memorize? |
|
Definition
Repeating information
Drugs
Images
Relationships (Songs, limericks, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 process to human declarative memory? |
|
Definition
encode memory
recall (retrieve) memory |
|
|
Term
| In the human declarative memory, at what process are memories easily disrupted? |
|
Definition
| Encode memory-Memories easily disrupted in initial stages of encoding |
|
|
Term
| In human declarative memory, recall memory appears distributed in what part of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
After ECS (electroconvulsive shock) retrograde memory is lost and does not return over time. |
|
Definition
False
After ECS (electroconvulsive shock) retrograde memory appears lost but returns over time, therefore the memory was not lost, only transiently unrecoverable - similar to anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| A patient undergoes surgery to treat his epilepsy and the surgeon excises the medial temporal area including the hippocampal structures, would the patient lose procedural or declarative memory? |
|
Definition
| declarative (episodic remembering) |
|
|
Term
True or false:
The hippocampus is only involved with olfaction and emotion. |
|
Definition
False
olfaction, emotion, AND memory (site of short to long term memory encoding) |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of short to long term memory encoding in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient damages their left temporal lobe and medial thalamus, what type of amnesia would you expect? |
|
Definition
Severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory
Mostly verbal amnesia (left temporal=language; right=mapping) |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Memory is lateralized. |
|
Definition
True
(ex: taxi drivers - route recall: right side of brain lit up
verbal recall: left side of brain lit up) |
|
|
Term
| What field of the hippocampus is the most sensitive in the brain to ischemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A patient with ischemic damage to CA1 field of hippocampus will have anterograde or retrograde amnesia?
What other cognitive functions were affected? |
|
Definition
anterograde (can remember all old events)
Other cognitive functions unaffected |
|
|
Term
| Where would you expect the damage for a patient who had excellent recall memory for declarative events that occurred prior to surgery and excellent procedural memory for new tasks, but near total amnesia for all later declarative events. |
|
Definition
| damage to CA1 field of hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| Is the hippocampus important for declarative memory, procedural memory, or both? |
|
Definition
| Hippocampus important for declarative but not procedural memory |
|
|
Term
| CA1 is critical to declarative memory, procedural memory, or both? |
|
Definition
| CA1 critical to declarative memory |
|
|
Term
| What lobe has function in emotional memory? |
|
Definition
| Temporal lobe has function in emotional memory |
|
|
Term
True or false:
There are circuits within the brain that decide what information goes via a particular circuit. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a monkey learned to reach under and grab a Life Saver but then you lesioned the amygdala or the hippocampus, will the monkey still be able to reach for the Life Saver? |
|
Definition
Yes
motor task is a procedural task and not effected by amygdala and hippocampus (Hippocampal damage does not alter motor skill) |
|
|
Term
If a monkey with an amygdala lesion is asked to match an image that they have not seen before with an increased delay, will they be able to do it?
If they have a hippocampal lesion will they be able to do it? |
|
Definition
amygdala-yes, because it is associated with emotion
hippocampus- no, disturbs declarative learning |
|
|
Term
If a lesion in the hippocampus is made immediately after a monkey learns to perform a task, will the monkey be able to still perform it?
What if the lesion is made a month after?
Why is this? |
|
Definition
No
Yes
Hippocampal formation affects memory consolidation not memory retrieval |
|
|
Term
True or false:
The hippocampus is not only involved in memory consolidation but also in recall of multi-modal memories. |
|
Definition
True
that hippocampus “ties” areas together that encode part of memory, e.g., visual, auditory and somatosensory areas for “spatial” cortical memory recall -- however, hippocampus is NOT involved with normal, individual information recall |
|
|
Term
Which of the following areas is least associated with the brain's ability to remember a spatial map?
a) cerebellum
b) cingulate/retrosplenial cortex
c) entrohinal cortex
d) hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is involved in memory, especially spatial memory and autonomic responses to learning/memory |
|
Definition
| Midline (cingulate) cortex |
|
|
Term
| Ar hormonal inputs more impingent on the amygdala or the hippocampus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the amygdala store? |
|
Definition
| emotion (NOT declarative) |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Unlike the hippocampus, the amygdala is not lateralized. |
|
Definition
False
Like the hippocampus, the amygdala is lateralized |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Aversion memory demonstrates other mechanisms involved in different types of memory. |
|
Definition
True
Aversion memory (getting sick from eating food) |
|
|
Term
Aging or dementia:
slow shrinkage due to loss of synapses in neuropil |
|
Definition
| aging (slower cognitive processes so it's more difficult for them to recall that memory) |
|
|
Term
Aging or dementia:
exaggerated shrinkage due to loss of neurons and synapses in neuropil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As humans age past 18 years, brain weight begins a gradual decline, mostly due to a loss of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of memory timing? |
|
Definition
Learning
Memory
Forgetting |
|
|
Term
What is memory term for seconds-minutes?
minutes to hours?
hours to days?
day-years-lifetime? |
|
Definition
Immediate-term (seconds-minute)
Short-term (minutes to hours)
Intermediate (hours to days)
Long-term (days-years-lifetime) |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Forgetting occurs late in the memory process. |
|
Definition
False
Occurs early in the memory process |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Not all that is learned is remembered |
|
Definition
True
Readily forget what is unimportant
Automation activities |
|
|
Term
| You will forget _____% of declarative events over 14 years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
Forgetting is an active process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocking _______ receptors will extend memory/no new memories can occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
Competing memories interfere with memory consolidation |
|
Definition
True
if you have competing memories without NMDA blockage, the competing memory of higher salience will be remembered. The lower salience one will be forgotten |
|
|
Term
_________ memory is basically cerebellum and striatum.
_________ memory is more the hippocampus and cortex. |
|
Definition
Procedural memory is basically cerebellum and striatum.
Declarative memory is more the hippocampus and cortex. |
|
|
