Term
| What forms the floor and ventral walls of the 3rd ventricle and is continuous through the infundibular stalk of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the (4) functions of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
controls blood flow (cardiac output, vasomotor tone, blood osmolarity, renal clearance).
regulates energy metabolism (monitors blood glucose, regulates feeding, digestive functions, metabolic rate and body temperature).
regulates reproductive activity (influences gender identity, sexual orientation, mating behavior, menstrual cycles, pregnancy and lactation)
coordinates responses to threatening conditions (controls release of stress hormones, balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, and regional blood flow).
4Fs- fighting, fleeing, feeding, and f***ing |
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|
Term
True or false:
The hypothalamus is a cluster of about 50 interconnected nuclei. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What subdivision of the hypothalamus is the depressor (reduction of BP) and thirst, temperature regulation? |
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Definition
| anterior hypothalamic area |
|
|
Term
| What subdivision of the hypothalamus is the pressor center (elevation of BP) , temperature regulation |
|
Definition
| Posterior hypothalamic area |
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Term
| What subdivision of the hypothalamus is for water balance, oxytocin and vasopressin release |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What subdivision of the hypothalamus is for osmoregulation, water balance, vasopressin release |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What subdivision of the hypothalamus is for feeding center, energy balance |
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Definition
Lateral hypothalamic
area |
|
|
Term
| What division of the hypothalamus is the satiety center, energy balance |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What division of the hypothalamus is for circadian rhythms |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What division of the hypothalamus is for sexual differentiation, sexual behavior, reproductive function |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What (2) divisions of the hypothalamus is dopaminergic neurons (important for reproductive behavior) |
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Definition
Dorsal hypothalamic area
arcuate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What subdivision of the hypothalamus is the final common pathway to the pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
The hypothalamus integrates somatic activity and the endocrine system |
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Definition
False
The hypothalamus integrates autonomic activity and the endocrine system |
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Term
| Neurons located along the wall of the __________ manufacture peptides known as releasing or inhibiting factors that control the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where do the axons of the neurons located along the wall of the 3rd ventricle that manufacture releasing or inhibiting factors project their axons to? |
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Definition
| to the median eminence at the hypothalamus pituitary junction. |
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|
Term
True or false:
The axons of the neurons manufacturing releasing or inhibitions factors peptides directly into the portal circulation that supplies the pituitary. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons located along the wall of the 3rd ventricle manufacture peptides known as releasing or inhibiting factors that control the secretion of hormones by the (anterior or posterior) pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The paraventricular and and supraoptic nuclei contain neurosecretory neurons whose axons descend into the (anterior or posterior) pituitary |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The paraventricular and and supraoptic neurosecretory neurons can secrete what into the blood? |
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Definition
| These neurons can also secrete oxytocin or vasopresson (antidiurectic) into the blood. |
|
|
Term
GHRH (GH releasing factor) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?
What hormone is released?
What is the target? |
|
Definition
anterior (somatotroph)
GH
Liver, adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
TRH (thyrotropin RH) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?
What hormone is released?
What is the target? |
|
Definition
anterior (thyrotroph)
TSH
Thyroid cells |
|
|
Term
CRH (corticotropin RH) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?
What hormone is released?
What is the target? |
|
Definition
anterior (corticotroph)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Adrenal cortex (steroids) |
|
|
Term
GnRH (gonadotropin RH) works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?
What hormone is released?
What is the target? |
|
Definition
anterior (gonadotroph)
FSH; LH
gonads (Leydig cells: spermatogenesis, testosterone: ovary follicular cells: estrogen and progestin |
|
|
Term
AVP works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?
What is the target? |
|
Definition
Posterior (AVP)
collecting duct (increase H20 permeability) |
|
|
Term
OT works on the anterior or posterior pituitary?
What is the target? |
|
Definition
Posterior (OT)
Uterus and breast |
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|
Term
| The hierarchical feedback control is under the influence of the ________ which causes the hypothalamus to release _____, which stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ______, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to release_______ (this hormone acts on a number of effector organs). |
|
Definition
| Under the influence of the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus releases CRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which in turn stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. The cortisol acts on a number of effector organs. |
|
|
Term
| In the hierarchical feedback control, the cortisol released by the adrenal cortex feeds back on what 2 glands? |
|
Definition
anterior pituitary (stops ACTH production)
hypothalamus (stops CRH production) |
|
|
Term
| In the simple feedback loop, the hormone released may affect a second target and feeds back on the original _______ cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
The pituitary (or hypophysis) is 1 gland. |
|
Definition
False
The hypothalamo-pituitary axis. The pituitary (or hypophysis) is actually two glands-an anterior pituitary and a posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis). |
|
|
Term
| What controls the secretion of hormones by the pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior pituitary hypothalamic neurons in several nuclei that surround the third ventricle (the arcuate, the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei, and the medial preoptic and periventricular regions) secrete releasing and inhibitory factors into a funnel-shaped plexus of capillaries that penetrates the _________ and surrounds the ____________ |
|
Definition
median eminence
infundibular recess |
|
|
Term
The funnel-shaped plexus of capillaries in the hypothalamus coalesce into long portal veins and carry the factors to the ___________.
Other cells secrete into capillaries that make up the short portal veins and deliver releasing factors to the _______ cells that secrete GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the regions of the 3rd and 4th ventricles that lack the blood-brain barrier. |
|
Definition
| circumventricular organs (good for drug treatment) |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Circumventricular organs are highly vascularized and the capillaries are fenestrated such that high molecular weight substances can pass from blood to brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized cells in the circumventricular organs that connect the ventricle to the adjacent neural tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tanycte cells contain (3)? |
|
Definition
receptors for neurotransmitters
hormones that control fluid volume
molecules involved with electrolyte balance and cardiac function. |
|
|
Term
True or false:l
Neurons in circumventricular organs project to other areas involved with neuroendocrine and cardiac control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is NOT included in the circumventricular organ?
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
anterior pituitary
median eminence
area postrema
anterior periventricular region surrounding the 3rd ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What large neurons of the hypothalamus synthesize the hormones AVP and OT? |
|
Definition
| paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei |
|
|
Term
| AVP and OT travel down the axons of the hypothalamic neurons to the _________ pituitary where the nerve terminals release the hormones into a _____________. |
|
Definition
| AVP and OT travel down the axons of the hypothalamic neurons to the posterior pituitary where the nerve terminals release the hormones into a plexus of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
True or false:
Since the anterior pituitary is one of the circumventricular organs where the blood brain barrier is breached, the secreted vasopressin and oxytocin can get into the general circulation |
|
Definition
| Since the POSTERIOR pituitary is one of the circumventricular organs where the blood brain barrier is breached, the secreted vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) can get into the general circulation |
|
|
Term
Is prolactin released by the anterior or posterior pituitary?
what is the major target organ?
What is the major physiologic effect? |
|
Definition
anterior
mammary gland
milk production |
|
|
Term
| What hormone controls protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism? |
|
Definition
| growth hormone (and promotes growth indirectly) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
| What hormone(s) control reproductive function? |
|
Definition
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| What hormone conserves body water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What neurons produce GnRH?
What do they release it? |
|
Definition
Neurons in the arcuate nucleus and preoptic area
produce GnRH
release it near the portal vessels in the median eminence. |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels in the median eminence convey GnRh to the _________ in the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The release of GnRh is pulsatile (1/hr) |
|
Definition
True
so there is corresponding pulsatile release of LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
| LH causes the testes to produce _______ and FSH causes the _______ cells to synthesize a number of products needed by the ______ cells and the developing spermatogonia |
|
Definition
testosterone
Sertoli
Leydig |
|
|
Term
ACTH release by is stimulated by CRH from the _________ of the hypothalamus.
ACTH is released by the ________ cells in the ant pituitary |
|
Definition
paraventricular nucleus
corticotrope |
|
|
Term
| In the adrenal cortex, ACTH binds to __________ receptors and the effect is to simulate the formation of cortisol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What (3) things does cortisol affect? |
|
Definition
liver (glucose synthesis)
muscle (protein breakdown to release amino acids)
adipose tissue (mobilization of fat). |
|
|
Term
| The ____________ and perhaps the _________ of the hypothalamus synthesize thyrotropin releasing hormone which stimulates the release of thyrotropin (TSH) from the _________ of the anterior pituitary. |
|
Definition
arcuate nucleus and median eminence
thryotrophs |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates the cells of the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones that act on many tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false:
The pituitary secrets PRL at low rates throughout life in females only. |
|
Definition
False
The pituitary secrets PRL at low rates throughout life in both males and females. However, its major function is important only in females and then only at specific times |
|
|
Term
| PRL would be secreted at high levels but release is tonically inhibited by ___________ from the arcuate nucleus |
|
Definition
| dopamine (prolactin inhibitory factor) |
|
|
Term
| During breast simulation, neural afferents inhibit _______ release which relieves the lactotrophs of the tonic inhibition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ release from the hypothalamus is stimulated by suckling. This causes increased milk production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ increases the sensitivity of the lactotrophs to TRH and decreases the sensitivity to dopamine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
input from neurons in the ___________ inhibit neurons in the arcuate and preoptic areas of the hypothalamus which causes a reduction in the release of GnRH.
This in turn inhibits the _______ cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
input from cells in the ________ causes increased synthesis and release of oxytocin into the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection. |
|
Definition
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