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Definition
| are descending to the body from the brain to muscles |
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Definition
| are ascending coming from the skin, ears, eyes, going UP to brain |
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Definition
| the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders |
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Definition
| surgical removal or remediation of pathologies in the Nervous System |
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Definition
| structural framework of nervous system, consisting of nerve cells (neurons) and their tracts (fibers) |
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Definition
| imagina techniques for differentiating pathologic changes of CNS; radiation therapy for NS tumors is a subspecialty |
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Definition
| embryologic origins and development of NS |
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Definition
| chemical, electrical, and metabolic functions of NS |
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Definition
| characteristics and origins of diseases and their effects on NS |
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| 3 major components of Neurological Exam |
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Definition
1)Motor Examination
2) Sensory Examination
3) Mental Functions |
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Term
| responsible for integrating all incoming and outgoing information and for generating appropriate responses to the information received |
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Definition
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Interconnectivity of the brain:
All functionally specific primary sensory and motor regions in the ______ are connected through _____ and _____ fibers |
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Definition
-cerebellum
-association
-commussural fibers |
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Term
| The cortical association areas are _____ connected to each other, whereas the primary cortical areas are _____ connected through cortical association areas. |
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Definition
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| The homologuos areas of the two hemispheres are connected through the ________ |
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Definition
| interhemispheric commissural fibers |
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| What is the CNS responsible for? |
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Definition
| intergrating all incoming and outoging information adn for generating appropriate responses to the information received. |
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| The response can be ______ |
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Definition
| Volitional (internally generated) |
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| The response can be _______ |
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Definition
| reflex (environmentally elicited) |
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| Heirarchy of Neuraxial organization |
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Definition
simple to complex
low to high |
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| The lowest level of organization, serves simple sensorimotor functions in the form of basic reflexes that are partly influenced by the upper axial levels |
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Definition
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| The complexity of information processing increases as the level of processing becomes more ______________ |
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Definition
| cephalic or brain controlled |
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| The hightest organizational level, is responsible for complex sensorimotor integration and higher mental functions (cognition, language, & speech) |
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Definition
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| Functionally different neuronal structures also exist in the ____________ and ___________ |
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Definition
brainstem and diencephalon
the intermediate level of organization |
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| What may be considered the nonthinking part of the brain? |
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Definition
| Intermediate level of organization |
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| The intermediate lebel of organization is tightly intergrated with the _______ which serves the highest organization level of decision making |
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Definition
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| 3 most important aspects of brain organization are |
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Definition
1)bilateral anatomic symmetry
2)Unilateral functional differences
3) contralateral sensorimotor control of the NS |
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Term
| bilateral anatomic symmetry bwt the 2 hemispheres |
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Definition
| 2 hemispheres are essentially similar with minor differences:lang. dominacne there is differential function of 1 region of the temporal lobe(planum temporal) btw the 2 sides of the brain. |
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| Both hemispheres are connected through the _________ |
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Definition
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Definition
| is the largest of the commissural fibers |
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| unilateral functional differences |
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Definition
| immediately after birth, the 2 cerebral hemispheres are functionally equipotential; each hemisphere has the functional capacity to develop all types of skills |
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Term
| contralateral sensorimotor control of the NS |
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Definition
| a unique aspect of brain organization is that all sensory and motor fibers in the NS decussate (cross) the body's midline |
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Definition
| your neurological systems are functionally specialized. They perform speical functions and do specific things. If things are not getting some get seizures or strokes |
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Definition
-more to help you study!
-there is a spacial arrangement of functions on the brain
-fingers are bigger because of fine motor so you need more representation to get things done |
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Term
| the cerebral cortex is organized with |
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Definition
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Definition
| the brain's ability to REORGANIZE and MODIFY TISSUE functions and ADAPT to external and internal changes |
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Definition
-stoke
-concussion, gunshot wound |
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Term
| Inflammatory responses, scar tissue, and protein expression, interfere with but do not necessarilty prevent the establishment of |
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Definition
| axonal regeneration in the CNS |
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Term
| what has greater opportunity to re-establish connections? |
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Definition
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| fine tuning o fhte internal system is best illustrated by |
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Definition
| acquisition of a 2nd lang. or musical knowledge in the early years |
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| exactly dead in the middle |
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| cross cut-always at a right angle to your longitudinal axis |
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| (sulci) fissure, groove or cracks |
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Definition
| grooves or cracks (DEEPER THAN SULCUS) |
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Definition
| marginal surrounding (like a corner |
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Definition
| connecting band of fibers |
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Definition
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outer most layer.
durable or tough mamma. looks like wax paper but can't tear it. |
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Definition
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| inner most layer-little momma |
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Definition
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| most common cause for cutting the 3 layers |
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| highly irritable and highly reactive to change |
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Definition
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| these receive the messages |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| are spirals and reach out to the next dendrite to send messages |
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Definition
| send the messages-tail of axon |
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Definition
| space btw one neuron and the next |
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Definition
most important to speech!!!
neuro transmitter |
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Definition
| brain and spinal cord: made up of neurons-indirect communication to the brain |
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spinal cord sends motor____
sensory____ |
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Definition
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| well defined collection of nerve cells in the CNS is called__________ |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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| similar connection of nerves in PNS is called |
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Definition
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Definition
| involuntary functions-reflex, heart rate, perspiration |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
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Definition
| telencephalon and diencephalon |
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Definition
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Definition
| prosencephalon and rhonbencephalon |
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| metencephalon and myelincephalon |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
1)spindal cord proper
2) cauda equina |
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ventricular system:
4 ventricles connect to each other by the ________ |
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Definition
| spinal canal- runs directly through spinal cord |
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Definition
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Definition
| association pathways-lobe to lobe within hemispheres |
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Definition
project they go far/cortex to distant regions of CNS
project from the brain down into spinal cord |
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Definition
| outer most layer of meneniges |
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Term
| do we have more neurons or neuroglial |
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Definition
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Term
| all of our communication is either ____ or _____ |
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Definition
-inhibit-squash it
-excite- send it on |
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Definition
| forms myelin (one to every 25 neurons) |
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Definition
| intervals btw segments of myelin sheath, helping message jump and speed up transmittion |
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Definition
| finger like projections; terminal brancehs off axon |
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Definition
| release neuro trnsmitters |
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Definition
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| absolute refractory period ___________ And is___________ |
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Definition
| DOES NOT FIRE!!!! and is HYPERPOLARIZED |
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Definition
| more positive on inside action potential |
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Definition
| negative on inside and resting |
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| what are the 3 factors that increase the speed of impulse conduction? |
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Definition
1)large in diameter of axon
2) pressure-intensity
3) nodes of ranvier |
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Term
telencephalon: cerebral cortex
Longitudinal: |
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Definition
| interhemispheric fissure; divides righ and left hemispheres |
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Definition
| on top, almost halfway back; divides frontal lobe from parietal |
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Definition
| most consistent; seperates temporal lobe from pariatel lobe |
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Definition
-most aspects of language
-verbal memory
-anylitical thought process |
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Definition
-facial recognition
-perception of emotion
-spatial conceptualization
-nonverbal lang.
-perception of music and art
-gestalt/holistic process |
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Definition
| front pole to central fissure; inferiorly by the lateral fissure |
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Definition
| central fissure; blends posteriorly with occipital lobe along hte parieto- occipital sulcus; blends inferiorly with temporal lobe |
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Definition
| superiorly by lateral fissure; blends posteriorly with occipital and parietal lobes |
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Definition
| blends anteriorly with parietal adn temporal lobes at the parieto-occipital sulcus |
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Definition
| deep to the lateral fissure; bounded by curcular sulcus, 2 gyri, limen insula (hidden by opercula of frontal, lateral and temporal lobes) |
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Definition
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Definition
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telencephalon (concerned with muscular precisions)
Basil Ganglia 3main portions: |
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Definition
1) lenticular nucleus
2) caudate nucleus
3) amyglada |
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Term
-telencephalon: internal capsule
-3 PARTS:
-main function |
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Definition
-white fiber tract from CORONA RADIATA-2 limbs and bend
-all sensory and motor tracts btw teh cortex and the thalamus travel through here |
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Term
telencephalon: rhinencephalon (limbic system)
-function |
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Definition
| -motivation, emotions, sex drive |
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Definition
| once the egg has been fertilized |
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Definition
| endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
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Definition
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| neural tube is completely formed by what week? |
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Definition
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| cell differentiation begins with formation of _________ |
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Definition
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| dense connective tissue around the brain |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
|
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Term
| neural tube is fused by day |
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Definition
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Term
| the end of neural tube that is closed off first is ______ on day______ |
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Definition
| rosteral closes on day 25 |
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Term
| the vessicles are formed during week ____ are optic nerves and then soon after another pair of diverticula, the telencephalic vessivles |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
-digestive tract
-trachea, bronchi, lungs
-pharynx, thyroid gland, eustachian tubes |
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Definition
-head: skull, teeth
-dorsal: skeleton connective tissue
-lateral: lungs, heart, vascular system |
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Definition
-neural tube: neural crest, brain, CNS, PNS
-eye lens, inner ear
-outer epithelium: oral, enamel nose |
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Term
| what results from the thickening of ECTODERM immediately over the notochord |
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Definition
| Medullary or neural plate |
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Term
| lateral margins grow UPWARD to form the _____ which bound the neural groove |
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Definition
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Term
| neural folds eventually fuse to form _____ (future CNS) |
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Definition
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| this chain of events is complete by ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| segmentation of mesoderm forming somites at week |
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Definition
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| 1st pair forms day ___; by the 4th week there are ____pairs of somites |
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Definition
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Term
somites:
_ occipital, _ cervial, _ thoracic, _lumbar, ___ coccygeal |
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Definition
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Term
| the NS is fully formed from the |
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Definition
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Term
neural tube:
rosteral portion-
narrow caudal portion-
lumen |
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Definition
-ulimately dev into brain
-dev into spinal cord
-dev into the ventricular system |
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Term
| caudal neural tube: eventually becomes |
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Definition
| spinal cord and roots to spinal nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cerebral hemispheres are prominent by week |
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Definition
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Term
| during what month does gray matter migrate to margin and begins proliferating much faster than the white matter |
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Definition
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Definition
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| also in month 4 what has developed |
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Definition
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Term
| during what month does the cerebral hemispheres overtake the diencephalon, mesencephalon and part of cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| most what are derived from neural crest? |
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Definition
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