Term
| collectively, dense accumulations of protein pre and post synapse are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which phase of the AP is associated with the inactivation of the Na+ channels and opening of K+ channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which subtype of amino acid gated channel includes a Mg block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when expressed, this component of the cytoskeleton determines the axonal diameter which in turn determines AP velocity? |
|
Definition
neurofilaments
aka intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| electrical conductance of the relative ability of a signal to migrate depends on: |
|
Definition
| concentration of particles & ease with which particles can move through space |
|
|
Term
| which statement best characterizes the structure of microfilaments? |
|
Definition
| sold rods made of protein produced by the cell, first in globular form (g-actin) and eventually long polymerized |
|
|
Term
| the phase of AP known as "rising" is best defined as |
|
Definition
| sodium channels open, sodium rushes into the cell changing the membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| what is the absolute refractory period? |
|
Definition
| the time following an AP during which it is impossible to generate another AP |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of the poor loop in the voltage gated sodium channel? |
|
Definition
| acts as a selective filter making the sodium channel 12x more permeable to Na+ than K+ |
|
|
Term
| what primary role doe the dystrophin glycoprotein complex play regarding the microfilament actin? |
|
Definition
| integrates actin with the extracellular matrix thereby enhancing muscle force production |
|
|
Term
| assuming the formation of the SNARE complex, which channel allowed calcium ions to flow in tot the neuron to initiate the process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| item that best characterizes the G-protein coupled receptor? |
|
Definition
| activate effector proteins that synthesize molecules called second messengers |
|
|
Term
| from where do NT transporters derive energy to transport ions across the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| using transmembrane electrochemical concentration gradients of Na+ and H+ |
|
|
Term
| which item is not considered an integration of multiple signals? |
|
Definition
| an AP delivered to the terminal branch of the axon |
|
|
Term
| Ohms Law states: the current through a conductor between two points is DIRECTLY proportional to: |
|
Definition
| the potential difference across two points |
|
|
Term
| what variables listed below ensure that the length constant will be greatest (current will travel the furthest)? |
|
Definition
all of the above
dystrophin is expressed in adequate levels
membrane resistance is high
internal resistance is low |
|
|
Term
| which best describes voltage? |
|
Definition
| electrical potential or the ability to drive an electric current across a resistance (membrane) |
|
|
Term
| item explaining how a weak signal might be amplified along the dendrite in order to ensure delivery to the cell body? |
|
Definition
| multiple excitatory synapses along the dendrite |
|
|
Term
| best describes the function of a chemical synapse? |
|
Definition
| specialized junctions through which cells of the nervous system signal to another |
|
|
Term
| Weiss (1940) ties a thread around an axon and found that the material collected on the side of the thread nearest the soma. What important nerve cell phenomenon did Weiss demonstrate? |
|
Definition
| materials are transported away from the soma (via microtubules) to the terminal branches |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of an axon with many pores? |
|
Definition
| influences the velocity of the AP |
|
|
Term
| microtubules are polymers of a- and b-tubulin dimers. the tubulin dimers polymerize end to end and ultimately support what crucial function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which structural/functional component of the sodium channel is associated with the absolute refractory period? |
|
Definition
| closing of the inactivation gate |
|
|
Term
| although the speed of a conduction is greatly increased my myelin, what other factors enhance conduction |
|
Definition
all of the above
membrane resistance
membrane capacitance |
|
|
Term
| in the purpose of AP, what is the primary purpose of channel proteins spanning in the phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| serve as a pore and an ion channel |
|
|
Term
| given that conductance is the relative ability of an electrical charge to migrate from one point to another, what factors determine migration of the electrical charge? |
|
Definition
number of particles available to carry a charge
the ease at which particles can move through space |
|
|
Term
| what is the membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| voltage across a neuronal membrane at any moment |
|
|
Term
| the sodium-potassium pump ensures that |
|
Definition
| the membrane potential is maintained |
|
|
Term
| the calcium pump can be classified as an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between the influx of calcium ions and the vesicle activity following an AP? |
|
Definition
| initiates fusing of the vesicle (via SNARE complex) to pre-synaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| items that determine how fast an AP travels? |
|
Definition
membrane resistance
membrane capacitance
length constant
internal resistance |
|
|
Term
| MS is a disease of the CNS in which the myelin sheath breaks down. Assuming light was shown in the MS patient's eye, how would you expect the delivery to be affected? |
|
Definition
| it would take more time for the AP to reach the visual cortex |
|
|
Term
| following assembly and post-translational modification, peptides are stored in ____ and travel along ____ to route to the terminal branch of the axon |
|
Definition
secretory granules
microtubules |
|
|
Term
| ____signals the migration of the synaptic vesicles to pre-synaptic membrane followed by ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a transient post-synaptic membrane depolarization caused by release of neurotransmitters is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ion would not move through a voltage gated ion channel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fate of a neurotransmitter once reuptake occurs in the presynaptic axon terminal? |
|
Definition
enzymatically destroyed
reloaded into synaptic vesicles
a & b |
|
|
Term
| what is the net effect of the post synaptic cell if the channel is permeable to Cl- |
|
Definition
hyper polarize the post-synaptic cell
inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| what is the term for changes in the synaptic strength resulting in second messenger molecules initiating protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Gray's Type 1 synapse? |
|
Definition
| excitatory synapse with post synaptic membrane thicker than pre synaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| in his closed loop theory, Adams (1961) proposed two types of memory necessary for motor learning, including the memory trace and perceptual trace. what item BEST describes the perceptual trace? |
|
Definition
| developed with practice and becomes your internal reference of correctness |
|
|
Term
| according to Schmidt's (1975) Schema Theory, upon producing a movement, four items are stored. Which item is NOT one of those stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| augmented feedback is through to be supplemental to _____ feedback. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which item BEST describes synaptic consolidation? |
|
Definition
| alterations in synaptic protein synthesis, remodeling and growth |
|
|
Term
| assuming three to be learned items, which order below maximizes Battig's contextual inference? |
|
Definition
| presenting all items equally but in random order |
|
|
Term
| considering the work of Lashley, Hebb, and Penfield, the Canadian neurosurgeon, which statement belwo is "generally" accurate with regards to where long-term memory resides (at least initially) in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did Hebb call the collection of cortical cells that were activated by an external stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were Lashely's (1920) findings with regards to his work with rats and mazes? |
|
Definition
| the deficit in learning and remembering the maze was more a function of the SIZE of the lesion NOT the location |
|
|
Term
| what was Sperling's (1960) major findings in his experiment demonstrating the existence of a short term memory (remember the 3 x 4 word matrix and audible tone)? |
|
Definition
| recall performance was worse is tone was delayed |
|
|
Term
| short term memory base been described as ___ memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adams and Dijkstra (1966) and Posner and Konick (1966) had blindfolded subjects move a slide along a track to a fixed stop (like in the lab). After removing the fixed stop subjects waited 10sec-5min before attempting to reproduce a movement distance. What did these scientists find? |
|
Definition
| absolute error increased as the length of the retention interval increased |
|
|
Term
| Keele (1978) created interference by presenting visual stimuli to subjects (works that were printed in a specific color), n conjunction with an audible tone, in an effort to determine if reaction time (RT) would be effected. What did Keele find? |
|
Definition
| if the work and color of ink were incongruent, RT increased |
|
|
Term
| the presentation of two stimuli in cole proximity, to which a response in required for both results in a proportional increase in response time to second stimulus. The phenomenon is called? |
|
Definition
| psychological refractory period |
|
|
Term
| if the principles of James' (1890) definition of attention still hold today, which statement below best characterizes selective attention? |
|
Definition
| consciousness is focused on a single stimulus event |
|
|
Term
| according to our studies, knowing what kinds of stimuli are going to be presented and what kinds of reposes are required reduces the decision making process and improves performance. In other words having advance information enables one to anticipate and by-pass which components of the stimulus-response pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the retention interval? |
|
Definition
| time between practice and retention test |
|
|
Term
| concerning the lab in which we studied the effect of the retention interval on the memory of a discrete positioning task, what type of feedback was available to the subject during the practice phase? |
|
Definition
| internal (proprioception) |
|
|
Term
| why would long term potentiation lead to the formation of memories? |
|
Definition
| long term potentiation results in a more efficient and prolonged communication, leading to a nuclear response promoting connectivity |
|
|
Term
| Penfield, a canadian neurosurgeon, performed ablation procedures on patients with severe epilepsy. What did he find regarding memory? |
|
Definition
| long term memory appears to be located in specific locations (e.g. temporal lobe) |
|
|
Term
| which phase BEST characterizes motor learning? |
|
Definition
| internal representation or match between perceived sensory and motor information |
|
|
Term
| as discussed in class, lighting an arm of the radial arm maze provided evidence of procedural memory, why? |
|
Definition
| the light alleviated the need for the rat to leaner which arm held the reward, it just went toward the light |
|
|
Term
| which item does not accurately describe basal ganglia involvement during learning of motor skills? |
|
Definition
| provides direct connections to the brain stem and spinal cord in order to control movment |
|
|
Term
| being able to identify complex categorizations of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to the real-world (e.g. reading, seeing relations among chess pieces, knowing whether or not an x-ray image shows a tumor) is what type of learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term that denotes the normal sprouting of axons to connect to an adjacent damaged axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| procedural learning is defined as? |
|
Definition
| learning without attention or conscious thought |
|
|
Term
| assuming the process of information in order to make a response, what is the effect of using spatial or event anticipation on the learner's response? |
|
Definition
reduces decision making process
reduces response time |
|
|
Term
| per the last couple of slides in the unit dealing with motor learning, which item below does not refer to the function/ purpose of the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which item best characterizes the pre-frontal cortex? |
|
Definition
| executive control, decision making |
|
|
Term
| in the early stags of learning it appears that the parietal area codes for which item |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| item or items viewed as critical motor control elements associated with and coded by cerebellar structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what arm below refers to the functional deactivation remotely from the responsible structural lesion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which categories were included by Tulving (1985) in his characterization of long term memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ receptors in the hippocampus allows_____ions to enter the cell thereby inducing powerful cell signaling that has been associated with memory function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what primary function does the supplementary motor area perform? |
|
Definition
| planning and coordination of complex movements such as those requiring two hands |
|
|
Term
| under what conditions might cortical mapping or the creation of patterns of connectivity be refined or altered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming that the internal representation or memory of throwing a ball was created based on practice, which cortical structure listed would below would not participate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which item does not characterize the role of the cerebellum in voluntary human movement? |
|
Definition
| all characterize the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| the entorhinal-hippocampus complex plays an important role in what type of memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming that perceptual learning is all around is and occurs continuously in everyday life, which time is not included in perceptual learning? |
|
Definition
| discriminating between different stimuli of different categories |
|
|
Term
| which item best defines the following statement: A parallel can be drawn between changes in behavior that we associate with "skill acquisition"and functional neuroanatomy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which statement below is not consistent with the organization of the segments (e.g. cervical, thoracic, lumbar) making up the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| select the tract belwo hat supports muscles of tongue, larynx, reflexive eye movement and mastication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as discussed in class, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary movement. select the item that is not possible underling mechanism for this disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which item is not true regarding the muscle spindle? |
|
Definition
| helps to form protective reflex arc |
|
|
Term
| which disease is an autoimmune disease where the individual's immune system generates antibodies against their own nicotinic ACH receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding the myotactic or stretch reflex, what is the primary function of the 1a fiber? |
|
Definition
| detect change in the length and conduct sensory information to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary action associated with the gamma motor neuron? |
|
Definition
| to promote contraction of the poles of the muscle spindle |
|
|
Term
| which item is considered to be the largest source of input to the AMN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the origin of the inhibitory influence that is part of the motor loop within the basil ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fixed action pattern? |
|
Definition
| instinctive behavior produced by a neural network in response to an external stimulus |
|
|
Term
| which item is grey matter responsible for relaying motor AP to the brain stem and spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesions to which tract below would result in instability and a loss in postural control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which tract below supports rapid skilled voluntary movement of the distal musculature? |
|
Definition
corticonuclear,
ventromedial, or
anterior corticospinal
ANSWER NOT GIVEN |
|
|
Term
| which item below is an example of a "motor loop" discussed in class? |
|
Definition
| frontal cortical neurons send impulse to the basil ganglia structure which routes to the motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| the dorsal spinocerebellar tract supports |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive input from the ipsilateral trunk and lower limb |
|
|
Term
| strokes of the motor cortex (corticospinal tract) are common in humans resulting in paralysis on the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which tract supports reflexive movements of the eyes as well as muscle of the cervical and thoracic region (triggered by visual, auditory, and vestibular stimuli)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which statement best describes the purpose of alpha gamma coactivation? |
|
Definition
| to maintain spindle function during muscular contraction |
|
|
Term
| organically, Parkinson's results from degeneration of the substantia negra inputs to the striatum (nergo-striatal pathways) which hinges on the release of the neurotransmitter ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what time best describes the finding associated with the crossed innervation experiment? |
|
Definition
| AMN influences the biochemistry and contractile properties of the muscles it innervated |
|
|
Term
| which item best describes the importance of the cerebellum as it pertains to motor control? |
|
Definition
| discussed as "comparator device" and particularly active during visually guided movements |
|
|
Term
| which item is not part of the nigro-striatal pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the supplementary motor area supports? |
|
Definition
| trunk and proximal limb musculature of both sides |
|
|
Term
| Henneman's (1957) size principle states: |
|
Definition
| motor units are generally recruited in order from smallest to largest |
|
|
Term
| not a source of input to the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with experimental lesions in the corticospinal tract, the monkey is only capable of which movement listen below? |
|
Definition
| what appears to be normal basic posture |
|
|
Term
| mossy fibers project directly to the deep nuclei, but also give rise to the pathway for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which best describes the functional capacity of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| massive signal processing |
|
|
Term
| which cell type delivers sensory input directly to the granule cell and cerebellar nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the vestibulocerebellum is associated with |
|
Definition
| balance and spatial orientation |
|
|
Term
| the corticonuclear tract terminates in sensory relay nuclei with bilateral projections to motor nuclei of many cranial nerves. Which item is not one of the cranial neuromuscular activities supported by the CN tract? |
|
Definition
reflexive eye movement
mastication
larynx
ANSWER NOT GIVEN |
|
|
Term
| what did the British neurophysiologist Sherrington mean when he called the spinal cord the "final common pathway"? |
|
Definition
| the last level of processing before movement |
|
|
Term
| originating in the brain stem and terminated in interneurons, which muscle groups are controlled by the ventromedial pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which item below is not one of the groups which the primary motor cortex sends axons?
a)cranial nerve motor nuclei
b)reticular formation in the brain stem
c)spinal cord gray matter
d)answer not given |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at rest neurons in the Globus Pallidus are active and therefore have what type of influence on the motor loop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington's disease is associated with the loss of neurons in the ____ which has a _____ influence on the motor control and movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of sensory pathways projecting to the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| provides sub-conscious propriocetive information |
|
|
Term
item below that is not true regarding how to vary the force of muscular contraction
a)vary # of active motor units
b)contracting more or less motor units
c)recruit larger and larger motor units
d)answer not given |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming the "real world" in which you are faced with environmental challenges throughout your day... |
|
Definition
| movement requires the simultaneous recruitment (via neural pathways) of muscles that support voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| which item does not accurately characterize myasthenia gravis, the auto immune disease causing muscle weakness |
|
Definition
| immune system generates antibodies against their own SNARE complexes-reducing exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what item best describes the purpose of the central visual system? |
|
Definition
| process and analyze information extracted from the retina |
|
|
Term
| select the item that best characterizes the finding of Classe et al (1997) is their study dealing with visual reaction time in baseball players? |
|
Definition
| success in batting was associated with visual reaction time |
|
|
Term
| the work of Whiting et al (1970) and Elliot confirmed an assumption associate wit catching objects…particularly as may occur in sport. Which item below best describes their primary findings? |
|
Definition
| there is a minimum amount of time that you must watch or view the ball in order to make a catch |
|
|
Term
| the optical variable TAU may predict the rate at which the retinal object changes and is based on |
|
Definition
| rate at which the object is approaching or moving away from the retina |
|
|
Term
| which item below generates action potentials and also gives rise to the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| term or terms used to characterize information processing within the central visual system? |
|
Definition
a & b
parallel processing
hierarchical processing |
|
|
Term
| layer in the primary visual cortex receiving most of the LGN projections (for sensory processing to occur)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of neuronal layers there is a direct relationship between ____ and the striate cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ultimately, where does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which statement is not true?
accurate vision requires….
the WOR works by sensing rotation of the head…
since the VOR is vestibular driven the reflex works…
even when driving on the bumpy road |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what time is not part of the peripheral vestibular systems? |
|
Definition
| ascending and descending tracts |
|
|
Term
| the __works by sensing rotations of the head then immediately commanding compensatory movement of both eyes in the opposite direction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which statement below is not true about the vestibular system?
signals the position..
gives us a sense..
coordinates movements of the head.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the semicircular canals detect (remember there are three canals on each side to handle all possible planes) |
|
Definition
| turning movements of the head or rotation |
|
|
Term
| movement of the smaller hair cells forward the taller cilium causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each macula of the otolith organ (e.g. utricle, saccule) contains specialized sensory cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the otolith organs, as opposed to the semicircular canals detect
acceleration
head tilt
force
all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical streams of visual processing stretch dorsally from striate cortex to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory systems like the retina process information in a series of sequential steps or at the same time in different location in ascending order. Which statement refers to the type of processing as it relates to the actual (interpret/comprehension/recognition) of visual stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ventral stream, operating in parallel with the dorsal stream, runs ventrally toward the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory systems (like the retina) process information in a series of sequential steps or at the same time in different locations and in ascending order. which statement below refers to the action associated with the actual identification and interpretation of visual systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| objects in the L binocular region of the L visual hemifield will be imaged on the nasal retina of the L eye and on the ____ retina of the R eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of the calcium carbonate crystals lying upon the gelatinous layer of the macula? |
|
Definition
| provides weight which helps to shift the gelatinous layer underlying the cells |
|
|
Term
| a flash of light to you left causes you to turn you head to the left. this reflex would involve a projection from the retina to which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming the onset of visual processing, which area listed below sends information directly to the LGN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main inputs in the superior colliculus? |
|
Definition
a and b
retina and striate cortex |
|
|
Term
| which tract listed below is part of the efferent tract from the superior colliculus to the spinal cord that supports reflexive head and neck movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming visual phototransduction, what impact does lowing the concentration if cGMP have of gated channels in the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vestibular transduction beings with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| retinal projections to the pretectum (via CN111) sent motor output to which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of visual information is provided when light energy strikes the fovea |
|
Definition
| high levels of light, color |
|
|
Term
| which molecule determines ion flow across the dendritic membrane of the rods and cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of horizontally connecting the vertically oriented neurons or columns within the layers of the visual cortex? |
|
Definition
| provides a means of consolidating P and M cell processing (gives color, movement and depth) |
|
|
Term
| item which is not an interneuron within layer 5,6,10 retinal layers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the light absorbing photopigments synthesized within the rods and cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in addition to vision, what sensory modalities provide information used by the superior colliculus to map visual space around us? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G-protein coupled receptor that dissociated from the GDP and ultimately activates photodiesterase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fanlike fiber systme passing from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus to the visual cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these cell types in the LGN are lactated in layers 2,4,5,6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| g-protein coupled receptor that is responsible for light absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what age related neurophysiological changes listed below contribute to increase risk of falling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| postural control, maintaining the body's position in space for the dual purpose of orientation and stability, emerges as a result of an interaction between the task, environment and the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscle activation pattern that is triggered by a slip is ___ in old and young but typically ____in old as compared to younger subject |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| my idea of training older adults to move more quickly (e.g. velocity training) in effort to reduce their risk of falling is based on which assumption/fact list below |
|
Definition
| speed of movement is the most critical element in recovering from a slip |
|
|
Term
| what motor development behavior, did pediatricians Gesell & Gesell identify in the infant? |
|
Definition
a & b
development progresses from head to foot and proximal to distal |
|
|
Term
which item below is not a behavioral change in old apparently healthy individuals
prolonged reaction time
slowness of movement
stooped posture
all are seen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in response to a slip, which area listed is typically activated first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does a secondary cognitive task (verbally responding to the illumination of a light while walking down a runway) performed in conjunction with a primary task such as stepping over an obstacle (Chem 1996) pose a problem for older adults? |
|
Definition
| secondary task increases attentional/ processing demands making it more difficult to complete the primary task |
|
|
Term
| children with 1-3 months walking experience are said to be able to recover balance by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| age related loss in function including postural control and balance is associated with |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which item below is not true
40% loss in strength between ages 30-80
fast twitch fibers lost in greater abundance than slow
rapid velocity contractions decline more than slow
answer not given |
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Definition
|
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Term
| looking at the chart to the right which is the disability threshold? |
|
Definition
| frailty, loss of independence |
|
|
Term
which statement below is not true
depending upon health status and fall history velocity of spontaneous sway increase
muscle strength is related to postural control and balance
proprioceptive and cutaneous senses less in unstable older adults as compared to old stable and young adults
all are true |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how would you expect age to effect muscle response time |
|
Definition
| time to respond increases |
|
|
Term
| which item below is not associated with balance and postural control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| based on information contained in the slides and our discussion and assuming you could only pick one intervention to improve balance in an elderly population, which item would you pick |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which item below is not one of the factors that interact to provide for postural control |
|
Definition
answer not given
individual
task
environment |
|
|
Term
which item below is not true when it comes to achieving postural control?
name the ones that do. |
|
Definition
answer not given
changing the base of support/ orientation of the body segments
depends upon the health of the individual systems and the ease of the integration of systems
responding to an instability is spontaneous but ordered |
|
|
Term
| which item below is not one of the major motor milestones. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which item below describes a perceptual/cognitive process built upon experience that emerges as the child learns to predict changes in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age when falling starts to become a greater risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which statement below is untrue regarding falls in America?
20-30% of people who fall
falls most common cause of brain injury
most fractures among elderly adults caused by falls lead to fear of falling
all are true |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which item below is not a gait related change associated with aging?
decreased walking speed
decreased step length
decreased arm swing
increased stride width
answer not given |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scientific term of age related involuntary muscle loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which item below is not a factor that contributed to age related muscle loss?
inactivity
poor nutrition
decreased hormone production
answer not given |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| i provided a powerpoint slide of an abstract "maximal power across the lifespan" detailing the results of a study in which research identifies a relationship between age and power produced on a bike. Which item below would you expect to be the greatest value in terms of helping the older person generate power? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming instability, how are muscle response latencies affected by age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what changes in the spine alignment are seen with age that can contribute to the risk of falling?
head forward tilt
lordosis
kyphosis
all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what age related change in the vestibular system contributes to the fall risk? |
|
Definition
a & b
reduction of calcium crystals
reduction of cilia or hair cells |
|
|
Term
| which items contribute to the fall risk of the elderly? |
|
Definition
history of falling
health status
muscle strength
loss in senses |
|
|
Term
| from where does a compensatory muscular response to instability begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect would multiple systems decline have on postural control? |
|
Definition
| magnifies such that PS would be much worse |
|
|
Term
| in terms of balance, which system below would appear to benefit most from the Thai Chi exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why might a single leg stand (static balance) be less effective than Thai Chi in terms of improving balance in older persons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect does faster twitch fiber loss have on postural control? |
|
Definition
| increases time to respond |
|
|
Term
research shows that older adults rely a great deal on vision for balance control (Sheldon, Palta et al. 1990) what age associated change in vision are expected?
cataracts
macular degeneration
ischemic
general decline in visual function
all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assuming you were perturbed (lost balance) why might wearing a blindfold while standing on a foam pad impact your ability to re-establish the center of mass over the base of support? |
|
Definition
| masks the senses (vision, proprioception) making it more difficult to perceive the stimuli |
|
|
Term
item below not associated with the integration of sensory input needed for postural control?
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
cilia
all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which important characteristic or construct below influences how well a child will respond to changes in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| given the choices below what type of exercise would you recommend to improve or maintain postural control in elders? |
|
Definition
a & b
balance and strength |
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