Term
| frontal eye fields and superior colliculus are involved in what eye movement? |
|
Definition
| attentional saccades to the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| pretectal-posterior commissure area is involved in what eye movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PPRF, periabducens, vestibular, and prepositus nuclei are involved in what eye movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsolateral midbrain reticular formation is involved in what eye movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nucleus of the optic tract and accessory optic nuclei involved in what eye movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flocculus and paraflocculus involved in what eye movement? |
|
Definition
| slow eye movements and VOR learning |
|
|
Term
| describe the optokinetic reponse |
|
Definition
| involuntary movement of eyes to keep the visual field constant (i.e. when whole visual world moves, like looking out side window of moving car) mechanism comes from accessory optic nuclei (can occur without cerebral cortex) |
|
|
Term
| describe smooth pursuit movements |
|
Definition
| voluntary movements that keep an object foveated (only occurs with eyes open in light) requires lateral parietal and mid-temporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the neural pathway for vergence movements? |
|
Definition
| striate cortex --> pretectum --> oculomotor and abducens nuclei |
|
|
Term
| describe corollary discharge. |
|
Definition
| oculomotor system sends message to posterior parietal and visual cortex telling it what changes of firing neurons to expect and not to consider these changes as due to movements of the extend world |
|
|
Term
| where do dopaminergic fibers originate and hwere do they distribute/terminate? what do they do? |
|
Definition
| originate in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra --> travel thru lateral hypothalamic area --> terminate in nucleus accumbens and frontal lobes (in the lateralhypothalamic area involved in providing "reward" sensation to pleasurable hypothalamic functions. in meso-limbic pathway involved in reward sensation assocc with addictive drugs) |
|
|
Term
| where does cholinergic innervation originate and where does it terminate. |
|
Definition
| originates in septal nuclei, nucleus basalis. neurons spread diffusely thru brain thru nucleus accumbens, and to hippocampal formation |
|
|
Term
| where do seratogenic neurons originate and terminate. what does activation of this neuronal system do? |
|
Definition
| originate in raphe nuclei, terminate diffusely thru brain (activation involved in sleep/wake cycle and mood states) |
|
|
Term
| where do norepinephrine neurons originate and terminate? |
|
Definition
| locus coeruleus and distribute all over brain |
|
|
Term
| preoptic region of the hypothalamus involved in? |
|
Definition
| temperature control and reproductive function (male) |
|
|
Term
| suprachiasmatic (supraoptic) region of hypothalamus contains what 3 nuclei? what do they do? |
|
Definition
| suprachiasmatic nuclei (produces oxytocin or vasopressin with paraventricular nuclei, projects to and controls the post pituitary) also controls circadian rhythm; anterior hypothalamic area - control of parasympathetic nervous system, control of temp (helps body respond to increases in temp) |
|
|
Term
| tuberal region of hypothalamus has which 4 nuclei? what do they do? |
|
Definition
| lateral hypothalamic area (controls feeding and drinking); ventromedial hypothalamus (controls satiety and female reproduction); median eminence (controls anterior pituitary function); and arcuate nucleus (dopamine - modulation ofh hypothalamic hormone release) |
|
|
Term
| mammillary region of hypothalamus contains which 2 nuclei? what do they do? |
|
Definition
| mammillary nuclei (project to hippocampus, rolein learning); posterior hypothalamus (control of temp - helps body respond to a decrease in temp, control of sympathetic nervous system) |
|
|
Term
| what makes sure there is enough feedback control in the limbic/autonomic system? |
|
Definition
| connections frequently form a circuit and connections are frequently two-way |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamus-hippocampus pathway important for establishing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypothalamus-amygdala pathway important in establishing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the ant and post hypothalamic nuclei control the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? |
|
Definition
| pathways connect ant and post hypothalamic nuclei with brainstem centers (reticular formation) which control the sym and parasym preganglionic nuclei in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where are the central temp receptors for warm and cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the event of temp increase? |
|
Definition
| activation of ant hypothalamus thermosensitive neurons --> parasympathetic sys increases body heat loss via peripheral vasodilation and sweating (motivated behavior too: seeking breeze) |
|
|
Term
| what happens if heat exposure is prolonged? |
|
Definition
| decreased release of thyroid releasing hormone (decreases body heat production by cellular metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| what does our body do when exposed to cold for prolonged amount of time? |
|
Definition
| releases thyroid releasing hormone, which increases basal metabolism rate thru increases in thyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| what secretes interleukin-1 that causes reset in set-point body temp? |
|
Definition
| macrophages released by the pathogens |
|
|
Term
| what do the septal nuclei have to do with fever? |
|
Definition
| associated with anterior hypothalamus, thought to be associated with fever-induced compulsions |
|
|
Term
| what area of the hypothalamus stimulates feeding? what area is involved in satiety? |
|
Definition
| lateral hypothalamic area stimulates feeding, ventromedial hypothalamic area is a satiety center |
|
|
Term
| circadian rhythm dependent on what 2 rhythm generators? what do they each do/ |
|
Definition
| suprachiasmic nucleus (controls cycles of SLOW wave sleep and skin temp) and pineal gland (controls cycles of REM sleep and body core temp) |
|
|
Term
| where does input to the superiorchiasmatic nucleus come from? where does input to pineal gland go? |
|
Definition
| SCN receives direct input from retina; whereas pineal receives indirect fibers from retina project to SCN thru intermediolateral cell column to superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system to pineal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released during dark sleep cycle and is generally inhibitory to release of many hormones |
|
|
Term
| what is the molecular/cellular mechanism underlying the 24 hr rhythm in SCN? |
|
Definition
| light stimulates mRNA transcription of BMAL1 and Clock --> translated into protein--> combine and bind to regulatory DNA sequences (E boxes) in nucleus where they act as transcriptional enhancers --> synthesis of CRY and Per2 (proteins) on a time-dependent process --> CRY and Per2 associate, go to nucleus--> CRY inhibits B-C and Per2 begins cycle anew by stimulating transcription of new B and C |
|
|
Term
| Describe the sub-nuclei of the SCN |
|
Definition
| core - stimulated by light, can release peptides like calbindin which is necessary for rhythm; shell - releases vasopressin and maintains endogenous rhythm (light stimulates core to release Per1 and Per2 --> release GRP, substance P, and VIP which entrain shell neurons |
|
|
Term
| what does the limbic zone (cortical subsystem) consist of? |
|
Definition
| brain surface structures (septum, substantia inominata and amygdala) and allocortical (hippocampus = dentate gyrus and ammon's horn), subiculum, and primary olfactory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| paralymbic zone (subcortical system) consists of? |
|
Definition
| orbitofrontal cortex, insula, temporal pole, cingulate cortex, parahippocampal areas (pre and parasubiculum, entorhinal cortex, prorhinal and perirhinal cortices) |
|
|
Term
| homotypical association isocortex (heteromodal zones) (cortical subsystem) consists of? |
|
Definition
| dorsal prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, lateral temporal cortex. (broca's area in frontal lobe, wernicke's area at parietal-temporal junction) |
|
|
Term
| what is the homotypical unimodal association cortex for the visual system? |
|
Definition
| peristriate regions, inferotemporal cortex, and other parts of temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what are the homotypical unimodal association isocortex areas for the auditory systeM? |
|
Definition
| superior temporal gyrus and portions of medial temporal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| what are the homotypical unimodal association cortex associated with somatosensory system? |
|
Definition
| just posterior to primary somatosensory cortex (BA 5)and still more posterior in parietal lobe BA 7 |
|
|
Term
| what is the homotypical unimodal association area for motor system? |
|
Definition
| premotor area (BA6, 8) and supplementary motor areas (BA6 on medial cortical surface) |
|
|
Term
| what does orbito frontal cortex do? |
|
Definition
| emotional issues, judging whether or not you should do something. damage? --> comportment (deficits in grooming, what you say to ppl, how you behave) |
|
|
Term
| what does the prefrontal cortex do? |
|
Definition
| impt in short term memory. damage? --> problems with executive function, serial performance, lose ability to organize large scale projects, sequencing of things, may lose emotional response |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of broca's aphasia? |
|
Definition
| speak slowly with long pauses, content of speech meaningful, verbs conjunctions and prepositions left out, idea can be understood if sense is conveyd by individual words but not if the idea requires interpretation of complex grammar, unable to repeat any but simplest sentences (damage to BA 44 and 45) |
|
|
Term
| describes wernicke's aphasia. |
|
Definition
| (BA 22) speech fluent with normal intonation and normal rate of word production, content incomprehensible d/t errors in output (paraphasias). great difficulty understanding others, unable to repeat |
|
|
Term
| what is a conduction aphasia and what are the sx? |
|
Definition
| when area connecting wernicke's and broca's areas are physically separated. patient can speak fairly well and understand simple sentences, but cannot repeat. (also leads to pneumonic aphasias) |
|
|
Term
| what are transcortical aphasias? |
|
Definition
| when path to or from (or both) to a meaning center in the brain that assigns meaning to sounds are disrupted. ability to repeat a sentence is preserved! (bc direct tract from wernickes to brocas are intact) |
|
|
Term
| lesions of the right homolog of brocas area vs right homolog of wernickes |
|
Definition
| lesion of right homolog of brocas area = deficits in using tones that distinguish statements from questions; lesion of right homolog of wernickes area = deficits in interpreting the tonality and gestures of others |
|
|
Term
| visual information in BA 17, 18, 19 sent to two main targets. what are they and what do they do with this information? |
|
Definition
| temporal cortex for spatial signaling (processing objects, recognizing things); parietal cortex for object processing (spatial processing, being able to note where things are) |
|
|
Term
| bilateral lesions of junction b/w occipital and temporal lobes on medial cortical surface -->? |
|
Definition
| prosopagnosia (inability to visually recognize individual faces, specific object recognition) |
|
|
Term
| bilateral lesions of junction b/w occipital and parietal lobes on medial cortical surface lead to? |
|
Definition
| balint's syndrome (impair ability to orient and operate in personal space - 1) optic ataxia - using vision to reach for object 2) ocular ataxia - difficulty pointing eyes to intended target 3) simultagnosia - difficulty forming complete image of world - clear region jumps around |
|
|
Term
| damage to what area gives visual neglect? |
|
Definition
| posterior parietal damage (neglect contralateral side of parietal lesion) |
|
|
Term
| what does the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus do? |
|
Definition
| integration of many signals for increasing or decreasing feeding |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major outputs of the arcuate nucleus of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| neuropeptide Y coreleased with agouti related peptide (increases feeding) and melanocortin coreleased with cocaine and amphetamine regulated transscript (decreases feeding) |
|
|
Term
| where are the cell bodies for neuropeptide Y & melanocortin and where do they project to? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies in arcuate nucleus, project to paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamus (causes animal to eat more and causes decrease in metabolism or eat less) |
|
|
Term
| melanocortin has 5 receptors, why? which is defective in some cases of child obesity? |
|
Definition
| MC4R for child obesity; melanocortin involved in more than just feeding (sexual, pigmentation, immune sys, inflammation, pain, learninig) |
|
|
Term
| explain significance of orexin (hypocretin) and melanin concentrating hormone |
|
Definition
| both produced by neurons IN the lateral hypothalamus (vs. neuropeptide Y and melanocortin which have cell bodies in arcuate nuc); increase feeding. both have effects on metabolism, BP and glucocorticoids, orexin important in sleep (lack --> narcolepsy) |
|
|
Term
| what part of brain affects food choice and learning what foods make us sick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| analytical aspect of food (taste, odor, texture) processed where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if we destroy the paraventricular hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| lose ability to become satiated in short-term |
|
|
Term
| what happens if we destroy the lateral hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| decreases in feeding and lowering of set point for maintaining body weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food intake decreases, motor activity increases, basal metabolic rate increases (low concentrations of leptin has opp effect showing we have homeostatic feedback control of the amt of body fat) |
|
|
Term
| where are leptin receptors found? |
|
Definition
| arcuate and paraventricular nuclei, and beta cells of pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by stomach A-like cells, increases feeding via stimulating neurons in arcuate nucleus to release neuropeptide Y and inhibits neurons that release melanocortin. blood ghrelin concentration decreases after eating and gradually increases until next meal |
|
|
Term
| what effect does CCK have on feeding? |
|
Definition
| released after consumption of a high fat meal --> produces satiety, slows gastric emptying, limits meal size. activity delivered by stimulating vagus which then affects the brain (cut vagus? effect largely lost) |
|
|
Term
| where does peptide YY come from and what effect does it have on feeding? |
|
Definition
| released from small intestine after a meal and via the vagus inhibits neuropeptide Y and stimulates melanocortin (inhibit feeding!) |
|
|
Term
| what is glucagon like peptide 1? where does it come from, what effect does it have on feeding? |
|
Definition
| is an incretin, released from small intestine by intraluminal glucose via vagus decreases feeding (release is glucose dependent) |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway for intestinal hormones that inhibit feeding? |
|
Definition
| transit via vagus, projects to nucleus of tractus solitarious, projects to arcuate nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| how can insulin get to the arcuate nucleus and what effect does it have there? |
|
Definition
| via site in pituitary stalk where there is no BBB. increases in insulin concentration decrease feeding. (changes are slow and similar to leptin) |
|
|
Term
| what are brain areas we know are involved in memory storage? |
|
Definition
| neocortex, perirhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala (emotional), striatum, cerebellum (motor) |
|
|
Term
| what part of brain lesioned in win-shift task? |
|
Definition
| hippocampus - spatial learning, working (trial-specific) memory |
|
|
Term
| what part of brain is lesioned in win-stay task? why does another lesion (somewhere else) improve the learning rate? |
|
Definition
| striatum. hippocampal lesions improves learning rate bc instead of remembering spatial relationships, they're remembering the association (default behavior is to use spatial strategy to get food, HC lesioned? forced to learn associated strategy) |
|
|
Term
| what part of brain is lesioned in conditioned cue preference task? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does procedural memory depend on HC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 paths in which conditional stimulus can reach the amygdala. |
|
Definition
| 1. direct path - MGB --> lateral nucleus of amygdala 2. indirect path. MGB --> auditory cortex --> lateral nucleus of amygdala via external capsule |
|
|
Term
| how are conditioned fear responses controlled (i.e. pathway)? |
|
Definition
| lateral nucleus of the amygdala --> central nucleus of the amygdala --> projects to areas associated with the autonomoic nervous system (lesions of central nucleus prevent expression of conditioninig and impair unconditional responses) |
|
|
Term
| what does the schaffer collateral synapse connect? |
|
Definition
| CA3 axons synapsing on apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells (where long term potentiation takes place) |
|
|
Term
| describe the concept of "cooperativity" in long term potentiation. |
|
Definition
| the requirement that the original EPSP is big enough so that high freq stimulation results in long term potentiation (persistent increase in size of EPSP). (how do we get EPSP big enough? increase stimulus strength! activate more and more axons to synapse on CA1) |
|
|
Term
| describe the concept of specificity in long term potentiation. |
|
Definition
| if two pathways are stimulated, only the one pathway with high freq stimulation will undergo LTP |
|
|
Term
| what is it about NMDA channels that allows them to detect the conjunction of presynaptic and postsynaptic activity and makes them ideal candidates for the molecular substrate of LTP? |
|
Definition
| dual glutamate plus depolarization requirement for opening NMDA channels. |
|
|
Term
| in LTP, what happens when the key NMDA channels are opened? |
|
Definition
| entry of Ca ions --> increase in conductance of K and Na via AMPA channels (increase in # of AMPA channels inserted into post-synaptic membrane or increased conductance) --> same amt of glutamate released by presynaptic terminal results in larger postsynaptic EPSP |
|
|
Term
| what's the difference b/w early and late phase LTP (mechanism)? |
|
Definition
| early phase yields EPSP increases that last ~2hrs (decay if protein synthesis blocked); late phase depends on protein synthesis but synaptic strength can increase and persist for days or weeks in vivo |
|
|
Term
| what mainly affects the appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors in males respectively? |
|
Definition
| appetitive behavior affected by testosterone; consummatory behavior affected by lumbosacral cord |
|
|
Term
| medial preoptic area vs lateral? |
|
Definition
| medial is important for male copulatory behavior (not appetitive). lateral is important for thirst |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 physiological changes that can decrease sex drive in males? |
|
Definition
| decreased testosterone, damage to amygdala (decreased motivation), damage to mesolimbic dopamine system (decreases rewarded behavior) |
|
|
Term
| what effect does estrogen have on female sexual libido? testosterone? |
|
Definition
| estrogen initiates libido at puberty, but is less important in maintaining it. testosterone is a major cause of sexual drive and appetitive behavior (female brain more sensitive to testosterone than male - has increased libido with 1/10 the amount that males have) |
|
|
Term
| what structures in the female body produce testosterone? |
|
Definition
| ovary and adrenals, post-menopause it's all adrenals |
|
|
Term
| what are the important sites in female copulatory sexual behavior? |
|
Definition
| lumbosacral region, ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, central gray |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are "associated with monogamy" in males and females? |
|
Definition
| females oxytocin; males vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| how does learning some things under strong arousal (not necessarily stress) help us remember them? |
|
Definition
| strong arousal --> release epi --> epi works via vagus to affect nucleus of tractus solitarius --> affects amygdala --> increase many kinds of learning but explicit and implicit |
|
|
Term
| what area of brain has highest concentration of cortisol receptors? what is the significance of this? |
|
Definition
| hippocampus (means during chronic stress or cushings disease, brain atrophy occurs in area of HC) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 hormones are involved in mood? |
|
Definition
| corticotropin releasing hormone and adrenal corticotropic hormone (elevated CRH associated with depression and anxiety - measured in CSF) |
|
|
Term
| where olfactory receptor cells located and how are they activated? |
|
Definition
| located on membranes of the cilia on the olfactory knobs of epithelium. odorant binds and activates a secondary messenger system leading to depolarization of the receptor cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the five places that mitral cells project to? |
|
Definition
| anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, olfactory cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex |
|
|
Term
| connections from mitral cells eventually going to the hypothalamus do what? |
|
Definition
| bring about anatomical basis of endocrinological changes brought about by pheromonal stimulation |
|
|
Term
| connections of mitral cells eventually going to DM nucleus (dorsal thalamus) and then to orbitofrontal cortex do what? |
|
Definition
| form anatomical substrate for olfactory/odor discrimination |
|
|
Term
| connections of mitral cells eventually to entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation dowhat? |
|
Definition
| provide basis for strong linkage b/w odors and episodic/event memory |
|
|
Term
| where do fibers from vomeronasal organ go? |
|
Definition
| project to accessory olfactory bulb --> amygdala --> hypothalamus (via stria terminalis) |
|
|
Term
| fungiform papillae - where are papillae, where are taste buds |
|
Definition
| papillae most numerous along front and sides of tongue (taste buds on top of papillae) |
|
|
Term
| where are vallate/circumvallate papillae located? where are the taste buds located? |
|
Definition
| circumvallate restricted to narrow zone across back of tongue (taste buds on side wall of papillae, in trenches) |
|
|
Term
| where are foliate papillae found? where are taste buds? |
|
Definition
| along postero-lateral edge of tongue (taste buds on side wall of papillae) |
|
|
Term
| where are filliform papillae found? where are taste buds? |
|
Definition
| filliform have no taste buds, cover over whole tongue |
|
|
Term
| anterior 2/3 of tongue innervated by? |
|
Definition
| chorda tympani (CN VII) ganglion cell in geniculate ganglion |
|
|
Term
| posterior 1/3 of tonuge innervated by? |
|
Definition
| glossopharyngeal (CN IX) ganglion cell in inf. petrosal gang |
|
|
Term
| epiglottis innervated by? |
|
Definition
| vagus (X) gang cell in nodose gang |
|
|
Term
| where is threshold low for sweet substances? |
|
Definition
| anterior region of tongue |
|
|
Term
| where is threshold low for salty substances? |
|
Definition
| anterolateral tonuge (i.e. fungiform) |
|
|
Term
| where are thresholds low for sour substances? |
|
Definition
| posterolateral tongue (i.e. foliate) |
|
|
Term
| where are thresholds low for bitter substances? |
|
Definition
| posterior regions (i.e. circumvallate) |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism for sweet taste transduction? |
|
Definition
| amino acid or sweet substance binds at apical membrane of taste cell --> activates G-protein coupled reaction --> increases cAMP --> cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of basolateral K+ channels; also receptor-mediated voltage independent Na+ selective amiloride sensitive channels in apical membrane (contribute to membrane depolarization --> summation --> AP) |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism for salt taste transduction? |
|
Definition
| depends on amiloride-sensitive, apical Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism for sour taste transduction? |
|
Definition
| depends on acid block of apical K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism for bitter taste transduction? |
|
Definition
| involves receptor-mediated release of intracellular Ca++ |
|
|
Term
| what cells detect pain in skin? |
|
Definition
| 1.) normal delicate mechanoreceptors (fast) 2.) high threshold nociceptors (slow) req at least 10x greater stimulus intensity |
|
|
Term
| what excites/activates nociceptors? |
|
Definition
| tissue damage --> releases chemical substances (i.e. bradykinin, seratonin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "pain substance" created by muscle contraction with inadequate blood supply (bradykinin/seratonin) |
|
|
Term
| what causes tension muscle pain? (tension headaches, etc.) |
|
Definition
| certain kinds of muscle activity (i.e. tetanic contraction) --> increase in IM pressure --> blood supply compromised --> accumulation of "pain substance" --> further contraction = pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense burning pain associated with nerve damage and local scarring (relieved by sympathetectomy) |
|
|
Term
| what is a possible explanation for chronic pain caused by carcinomatous invasion of nerve trunks? |
|
Definition
| chemically altered nerves |
|
|
Term
| what areas of brain elicit aversive responses (escape behavior)? |
|
Definition
| strong stimulation of central gray, nucleus gigantocellularis |
|
|
Term
| what happens with strong stimulation of medial thalamic nuclei? |
|
Definition
| unpleasant feeling not projected to any particular region of body, coupled with strong desire to escape. (normally, nocicieptive input excites medial thalamic region and ALSO classic somatosensory pathways leading to localization of painful input) |
|
|
Term
| what happens with WEAK stimulation of central gray? |
|
Definition
| analgesia. associated with release of endogenous opiates (stimulates large fibers which inhibit small nociceptive fibers) |
|
|
Term
| what is kluver bucy syndrome? |
|
Definition
| remove parahippocampal gyrus--> tame monkeys, hypersexual, put everything in mouth, hypermetamorphosis |
|
|
Term
| describe route 1 of limbic system |
|
Definition
| parieto-temporal occipital association cortices project to medial temporal lobe --> fusiform gyrus --> crosses collateral sulcus --> entorhinal cortex --> amygdala and hippocampus (outflow mirrors inflow --> medial temporal lobe --> prefrontal cortex --> premotor cortex --> motor cortex) for highly processed sensory info |
|
|
Term
| describe route 2 of the limbic system |
|
Definition
| thru brainstem --> thru lateral hypothalamus via medial forebrain bundle --> connections go thru fornix to get to hippocampus (other connections go straight, bypassing hypothalamus to get to orbital frontal cortex) (sensory & motor, for processing of unprocessed sensory information. largely hedonic behaviors, goal-oriented, consummatory behaviors involved with reward signals) |
|
|
Term
| describe route 3 of the limbic system |
|
Definition
| hippocampus/amygdala --> nucleus accumbens via fornix and stria terminalis --> ventral globus pallidus --> DM thalamus --> prefrontal cortex (also direct connection from nuc accumbens to goal oriented behaviors thru medial forebrain bundle) |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the hippocampal axis of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies, septal nuclei, anterior nucleus of the thalamus (fiber tracts: fornix, cingulum, mammillothalamic tract) |
|
|
Term
| lesions of the hippocampal axis of the limbic system result in what kinds of defecits? |
|
Definition
| declarative learning and memory, navigation and spatial representation, context (problems distinguishing one environment from another, guides behavior as far as knowing what's appropriate to do, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| components of the amygdaloid axis of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| amygdala, DM thalamus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, orbitofrontal cortex (fiber tracts: stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway) |
|
|
Term
| lesions of the amygdaloid axis of the limbic system create deficits in? |
|
Definition
| social and emotional behavior, conditioned fear |
|
|
Term
| from hippocampus, fornix splits into precommissural fornix and postcommissural fornix. where does each of these project? |
|
Definition
| precommissural fornix --> septal nuclei, ventral striatum; postcommissural fornix --> anterior thalamic nucleus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the course of the mammillothalamic tract? |
|
Definition
| mamillary bodies --> anterior thalamic nucleus --> cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| what is the direct connection of the amygdala to the neocortex? |
|
Definition
| amygdala --> orbital pre-frontal cortex (as in the 2nd route in the limbic system) |
|
|
Term
| from amygdala, fibers can travel in either ventral amygdalofugal path or in the stria terminalis.where do each of these paths project to? |
|
Definition
| ventral amygdalofugal path --> preoptic area, DM thalamus; stria terminalis --> bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial hypothalamus, ventral striatum |
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Term
| choroid of the eye is continuous with? |
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Definition
| vascular core of the ciliary body and the stroma of the iris |
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Term
| the optic cup extends forward as the? |
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Definition
| ciliary epithelium and posterior epithelial layers of the iris |
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Term
| what is the place principle of freq coding? |
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Definition
| traveling waves of different freq move diff distances down the basilar membrane |
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Term
| what is the volley mechanism? |
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Definition
| (action potentials of the VIIIth nerve stay in register with oscillations of sound waves for freq up to 1000 cycles/sec) implies that potentially thep hoase of firing of the 8th nerve fibers can also contribute to freq discrimination |
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Term
| what is the role of the superior olivary complex in auditory pathway? |
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Definition
| projects efferent fibers of CN VIII to cochlea |
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Term
| the three descending pathways of the auditory cortex terminate where? |
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Definition
| MGB, sup and inf colliculi (which projects to sup olivary nucleus which projects to cochlea), pontine nuclei |
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Term
| what is the type of bipolar cell that conveys the highest acuity and where is it located? |
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Definition
| midget class of cone bipolar cells (found in foveal and parafoveal regions) |
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Term
| visual regions in the parietal cortex detect what? |
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Definition
| visually-guided movements. only fire when we have a reason to exect reward if we perform the proper behavioral sequence |
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Term
| visual areas in the temporal lobe are mostly associated with? |
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Definition
| object recognition - visual discrimination tasks, face recognition |
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