Term
| who said "the spinal cord is the FINAL COMMON PATHWAY" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spinal cord is the main pathway connecting what? |
|
Definition
| the brain and peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| explain segmental organization of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| the spinal cord is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions and smaller in the thoracic region |
|
|
Term
| why is the spinal cord enlarged in the lumbar and cervical regions? |
|
Definition
| these areas of the spinal cord are involved in more precise movements. |
|
|
Term
| what types of movements are mediated by the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a cross section of the spinal cord, the white matter represents what? |
|
Definition
| neuronal tracts containing sensory and motor neruons |
|
|
Term
in a cross section of the spinal cord, the grey matter represents what?
how is it shaped? |
|
Definition
| the nerve cell bodies in a butterfly shape |
|
|
Term
| motor programs of the spinal cord do what? |
|
Definition
| coordinate and generate reflexive movements and postural control |
|
|
Term
| Bell and Magendi dissected live animals and found what about the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| plexuses where sensory and motor nerves come together |
|
|
Term
| T/F in the spinal cord, lower motor neurons bundle together to form ventral roots and each ventral root joining with each dorsal root to form a spinal nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the spinal cord, lower motor neurons bundle together to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the spinal cord, ventral roots joint with the dorsal root to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor nerves that proved fibers to one special nerve belong to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
each spinal segment is named by what?
what are the possible names? |
|
Definition
the vertebrae where the nerve originates
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral |
|
|
Term
are skeletal muscles and lower motor neurons distributed evenly throughout the body or spinal cord?
what does this lead to? |
|
Definition
| no, swollen areas in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where are motor neurons that innervate distal and proximal muscles located in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
cervical segment
lumbar-sacral segment |
|
|
Term
| where are motor neurons that innervate axial muscles located in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the ventral horns of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. |
|
Definition
| cervical and lumbar segments have large ventral horns where thoracic segment has small ventral horns |
|
|
Term
| where is precision facilitated? large or small horns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projects from the ventral horns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F sensory in, motor out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does all sensory information end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F somatosensory information is largely unconscious. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the information from muscle spindles is transmitted directly to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 orders of processing? |
|
Definition
1-sensory receptor to cord
2-cord to brain stem
3-from the thalamus to the cortex |
|
|
Term
| give an example of the spinocerebellar pathway. |
|
Definition
| stretch reflex, facilitated by the muscle spindle causing a contraction of muscles unconsciously |
|
|
Term
| the spinocerebellar pathway involves what orders of processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway involves what order of processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would happen if there was a lesion in the pathway from the spinal cord to the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| still respond (the reflex will still occur) but the information may not make it to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 1st order neuron cell body in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 2nd order neuron cell body in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the termination in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral cerebellar vermis |
|
|
Term
| what is the functions of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
relays proprioceptive input from the ipsilateral trunk and lower limb
coordination of movements for the lower limb muscles
posture maintenance |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 1st order neuron cell body in the cuneocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 2nd order neuron cell body in the cuneocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
| accessory cuneate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what is the termination in the cuneocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral anterior lobe of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cuneocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
relays proprioceptive information from the ipsilateral neck and upper limb
movement of head and upper limb |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 1st order neuron cell body in the ventral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 2nd order neuron cell body in the ventral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the termination of the ventral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral cerebellar vermis |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the ventral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
relays proprioceptive input from the ipsilateral trunk and lower limb
coordination of movements for the lower limb muscles
posture maintenance |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 1st order neuron cell body in the rostral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the 2nd order neuron cell body in the rostral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the termination of the rostral spinocerebellar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the rostral spinocerelbellar tract? |
|
Definition
relays proprioceptive input primarily from the ipsilateral head and upper limb
movement of head and upper limb |
|
|
Term
| if sensory information gets to the cord, what is the next step? |
|
Definition
| stimulates a response via an Alpha Motor Neuron |
|
|
Term
| what are alpha motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
what do alpha motor neurons innervate?
what are they responsible for? |
|
Definition
extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle
directly responsible for initiating skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| 1 AMN and all the muscle fibers it innervated is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cell bodies of alpha motor neurons are found in the _____, but they are also considered part of the ______. |
|
Definition
CNS
somatic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what is a motor neuron pool? |
|
Definition
| a collection of AMNs that innervate a single muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are lower motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| AMN come off the cord and unnerve muscles that facilitate reflex contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what order of processing are AMN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are AMNs that innervate the head and neck found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can you find interneurons? |
|
Definition
| in various sections of the spinal cord and synapses |
|
|
Term
| T/F you cannot have a direct sensory input to the AMN. |
|
Definition
| false you can but it is rare |
|
|
Term
| what are the three sources of input of the AMN? |
|
Definition
muscle spindles
motor cortex
interneurons in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what is the first source of input to the AMN? |
|
Definition
| the dorsal root ganglion cells with axons that innervate specialized sensory devices "muscle spindles" which are embedded in the muscle |
|
|
Term
what is the second source of input to the AMN?
why is this important? |
|
Definition
comes from the upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and brain stem
important for initiating and controlling voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the third source of input to the AMN? |
|
Definition
| comes from the interneurons in the spinal cord which may be excitatory or inhibitory and is responsible for generating spinal motor programs |
|
|
Term
| how are slow twitch fibers different from fast twitch? |
|
Definition
produce energy over time
produce less force |
|
|
Term
| what muscle fibers do relaxes recruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Henneman's size principle? |
|
Definition
ordered recruitment of motor units
small slow units active during low force contraction (smooth control)
large fast units active during high force contraction (poor control) |
|
|
Term
| what does contracting more or less motor units depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two factors contribute to force production in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
numer and type of fiber
frequency |
|
|
Term
| how does number and type of muscle fiber affect force production? |
|
Definition
| the more muscle fibers within the unit the greater force producing potential |
|
|
Term
how does frequency affect force production?
low to high frequencies? |
|
Definition
the frequency with which the muscle fibers are stimulated by their innervating axon
single twitch contractions to frequencies high enough to produce a sustained contraction |
|
|
Term
| T/F the fiber will take on the characteristics of the neuron that innervates it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of fibers do large AMN innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was found in the crossed-innervation experiment? |
|
Definition
| the fiber will take on the characteristics of the neuron that innervates it. |
|
|
Term
| what was found in the voluntary and reactive recruitment experiment? |
|
Definition
a pool of specially fixed locomotor muscle synergies
can't produce movement without both reflexes and voluntary
collaboration of reflex contraction and voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement |
|
|
Term
| what percent of cases of ALS are genetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of ALS/ how does the disease work? |
|
Definition
1-AP to terminal branch
2-voltage Ca2+ channels influx
3-release glutamate
4-binds to NMDA channels
5-glutamate not broken down=clogs receptors which makes it difficult to pass AP and also triggers excessive Ca2+
6-too much Ca2+ in the cell is toxic |
|
|
Term
| what is the resultant effect of excessive amounts of Ca2+ in the pre-synaptic cell? |
|
Definition
| toxic, causes mitochondria dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| what is the theoretical explanation of what causes ALS. |
|
Definition
1-a genetic defect in superoxide dismutase SOD-1, which deactivate free radicals that can cause damage
2- they play an important role in maintaining the motor neuron
3-the disfunction of microglial cells leads to inflammation
4-too much inflammation leads to mitochondria initiating cell death |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary neurotransmitter of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in one sentence what its the cause of ALS? |
|
Definition
| excito-toxicity caused by excessive glutamate at the post synapse |
|
|
Term
SOD-1 does what?
what happens with age? |
|
Definition
deactivates free radicals that damage the cell membrane
decreases with age |
|
|
Term
| what is Myasthenia Graves? |
|
Definition
| an autoimmune disease where the individuals immune system generates antibodies against their own nicotinic Ach receptors |
|
|
Term
| in Myasthenia Graves, what is the action of the antibodies? |
|
Definition
| they bind to receptors interfering with normal Ach function |
|
|
Term
| what is a result of the antibodies binding to the receptor in Myasthenia Graves? |
|
Definition
| degenerative changes in the structure of the neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
| what are treatment options for Myasthenia Graves? |
|
Definition
drugs inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
drugs that suppress the immune system |
|
|
Term
| how would prolonging the life of Ach benefit a patient with Myasthenia Graves? |
|
Definition
| prolong the life of Ach to give it a greater chance to bind to the post synaptic receptor |
|
|
Term
T/F Myasthenia Graves patients only make antibodies for the Ach receptors on the post synaptic cell.
explain. |
|
Definition
false
they body can make antibodies for voltage-gates Ca2+ channels, muscle specific tyrosine kinase has been seen, VGKCs are all targets |
|
|
Term
| what is Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
| is an inherited disorder that is manifest as muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
what is Duchenne MD?
age of death?
what do they lack? |
|
Definition
Muscular Dystrophy that only affects boys and presents weakness in legs placing the child in a wheelchair at age 12
death by age 30
the mRNA encoding dystrophin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic disorder where defect is on the X chromosome where a area on the X chromosome does not contain the gene to produce dystrophin |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscle spindle? |
|
Definition
a stretch receptor
primary proprioceptive mechanism for creating muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what type of motor neurons activate the intrafusal muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is 1a (primary) afferent of the muscle spindle arranged? |
|
Definition
wrap around
dynamic
static
nuclear |
|
|
Term
| how is 2 (secondary) afferent of the muscle spindle arranged? |
|
Definition
| wrap static and nuclear fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do static intrafusal fibers facilitate? |
|
Definition
| response in a continuous way |
|
|
Term
| what do dynamic intrafusal fibers facilitate? |
|
Definition
| more responsive to change |
|
|
Term
| what is the 1a fiber of the muscle spindle? |
|
Definition
| the primary sensory fiber that tracts to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what do gamma motor neurons do in relation to the muscle spindle? |
|
Definition
| stimulate the end of the spindle (terminate at the poles) causing the spindle to contract |
|
|
Term
| what is alpha-gamma coactivation? |
|
Definition
| gamma MN are activated in parallel with alpha MN to maintain the firing of spangle afferents with then extrafusal muscle shorten |
|
|
Term
| what is the myostatic reflex? |
|
Definition
| when the set point (desired muscle length) is altered 1a fibers detect a change in length, synapse in the spinal cord with an AMN which in turn initiates a reflex contraction of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
|
|
Term
| the magnitude of response from the stretch reflex depends on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs during a static stretch? |
|
Definition
| change in the spindle length that caused a small reflex contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors located in series at the junction of the muscle and the tendon |
|
|
Term
what does the GTO encode?
what does it need the help of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the GTO what is the role of of 1b fiber? |
|
Definition
| enter the spinal cord and branches repeatedly synapsing on interneurons in the ventral horn |
|
|
Term
| what is the GTO also known as? |
|
Definition
| the reverse myotatic reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overrides the reflex contraction when the stretch is too great |
|
|
Term
| the coordination of AMN 1a and 1b assists in what? |
|
Definition
| fine motor acts and keeping a steady handing during very precise movements |
|
|
Term
| when muscle is slightly stretched or relaxed, muscle spindles are _____, while GTO are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the combined muscle spindle and GTO functions during changes in muscle length (steps). |
|
Definition
1-with contraction, tension is produced in the tendons which then compresses nerve terminals among the tendons
2-the nerve compression activates the GTO which in turn transmits proprioceptive info to the CNS
3-further stretching, produces tension on the tendons which actives the muscle spindle and GTO
4-GTO and spindles check with the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what information does the GTO provide to the CNS? |
|
Definition
muscle activity info
avoids excessive forces on the muscle and tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of tension exerted on muscle regardless of whether tension is caused by a stretch or contraction |
|
|
Term
| what dos the muscle spindle check? |
|
Definition
| muscle fiber length and rate of changes of muscle length during stretch or contraction |
|
|
Term
| what are central pattern generators? |
|
Definition
| the spinal networks found in the upper thoracic and lumbar regions that can generate patterns of rhythmic activity for locomotion even without external feedback |
|
|
Term
| where are the central pattern generators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give an example of a central pattern generator. |
|
Definition
a bird singing its song
there were some neurons that had the purpose to create a pause in the sound |
|
|
Term
| T/F central pattern generators are learned. |
|
Definition
false
they come hardwired |
|
|
Term
| how do central generators function? |
|
Definition
gravitational pull
give and take of muscles |
|
|
Term
| define central pattern generators. |
|
Definition
| small localized autonomous neural networks generating rhythmicity |
|
|
Term
| what begins the sequence of a CPG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F each limb is controlled by a CPG. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is rhythmicity based on? |
|
Definition
interactions among neurons
interactions among currents in individual neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is a fixed action pattern? |
|
Definition
| instinctive behavioral control sequence that is indivisible, runs to completion, produced by neural networks in response to an external sensory stimulus |
|
|
Term
| T/F Fixed action patterns are learned. |
|
Definition
false
they appear to be hardwired |
|
|
Term
| what did Fritsch and Hitzig find? |
|
Definition
| that stimulation of the frontal cortex of the anesthetized dog produced movement on the contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| what did Ferrier and Sherrington find? |
|
Definition
| discovered the motor area in primates was in the perceptual gyrus. |
|
|
Term
| Campbell used Sherrington's work to find what? |
|
Definition
| identified cortical area 4 as the motor cortex and that motor area 6 was responsible for skilled voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| did experiments of patients with history of seizures to find areas that were important to movement |
|
|
Term
| voluntary movement is mediated by what structures? |
|
Definition
PMC
cerebellum
basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| T/F the basal ganglia can be excitatory and inhibitory at the same time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the top layer of the cerebral hemispheres 2-4 mm thick and labeled 1 to 6 |
|
|
Term
| T/F the neocortex consists of grey matter surrounding the deeper white matter of the cerebellum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the grey matter of the neocortex? |
|
Definition
| to route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS for creation of response to stimulus through chemical synapse activity |
|
|
Term
| what higher processes is the neocortex involved in? |
|
Definition
sensory perception
generation of motor commands
conscious thought
language in humans |
|
|
Term
| where is the PMC (primary motor cortex) located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the PMC? |
|
Definition
| the execution of very specific, defined motor activity of the contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| who mapped the motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the final instructions to move come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers are there of the PMC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitters influence the PMC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the PMC fit in the sequence to move? |
|
Definition
idea from front part of the brain->
basal ganglia->
PMC->
spinal cord to move |
|
|
Term
| T/F the PMC is responsible for precise movement of large muscle groups. |
|
Definition
false
precise movement of specific muscles |
|
|
Term
where does the PMC end?
why? |
|
Definition
the cervical and lumbar areas
because these are the swollen areas of the spinal cord that are responsible for precise movement of the upper and lower extremities |
|
|
Term
| where does the thalamus project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory information come to the thalamus and sends it where? |
|
Definition
| the cortical area that will handle the info |
|
|
Term
| in terms of modalities, where does the basal ganglia receive information from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| a group of nuclei found at the forebrain |
|
|
Term
| the basal ganglia has a strong connection with what? |
|
Definition
| the cerebral cortex and the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what are the basics of parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| limited availability of dopamine to produce voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the basal ganglia support the function of? |
|
Definition
| subconscious voluntary motor control and procedural learning |
|
|
Term
| T/F the basal ganglia also has been found to exert inhibitory influence of multiple motor systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the basal ganglia receives what kind of input from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
visual,
auditory,
vestibular,
somatosensory |
|
|
Term
| where does the basal ganglia send output? |
|
Definition
| prefrontal, premotor, and supplementary areas, all involved in high order processing of movement |
|
|
Term
| what are the main components of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
striatum
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what is the inhibitory portion of the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the striatum release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does BG circuitry being? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the circuitry of the basal ganglia. |
|
Definition
1-the PMC sends axons to the striatum and releases glutamate
2-cells in the striatum project to the direct and indirect pathways
3-thalamus releases glutamate upon itself
4- |
|
|
Term
| what is important to know about the ability of the stratum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two sectors of the cerebral cortex does the striatum receive input from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of movement, the striatal connections of what pathway are critical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the striatum project? (specific names) |
|
Definition
external globes pallidus
pars compacta
pars reticulata |
|
|
Term
| the external globes pallidus, pars compacta, pars reticulate are inhibited by what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nigrastriatal pathway serves to what? |
|
Definition
| influence the activity of the striatum |
|
|
Term
| what is significant about the pars compacta? |
|
Definition
| it synthesizes dopamine to influence/excite the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| specifically what is happening in a patient with parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
there is a decrease in dopamine receptors
death of the pars compacta cells, which leads the not enough dopamine being synthesized |
|
|
Term
| what is the globus pallidus made up of? |
|
Definition
| the globus pallidus divided into the internal and external segments |
|
|
Term
| the GPi and GPe contain primarily what type of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the GPe receives input from where? projects it where? |
|
Definition
from the striatum
to the sub thalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
| the GPi receives input from where? |
|
Definition
| from the striatum from two pathways |
|
|
Term
| what are the two pathways that the GPi receives signals from? |
|
Definition
| direct and indirect pathways |
|
|
Term
| what does the substantia negra support? by what pathway? |
|
Definition
| supports movement in conduction with the striatum via the nigrastriatal pathway |
|
|
Term
| Nigra degeneration results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the substantia negra is essential in what? |
|
Definition
| producing precise voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| what part of the striatum makes dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the subthalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
| a diencephalic gray matter portion of the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| T/F the subthalamic nucleus is the ONLY part of the basal ganglia that actually produces an excitatory neurotransmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the subthalamic nucleus? |
|
Definition
| to stimulate the SNr-GPi complex |
|
|
Term
| what pathway is the subthalamic nucleus part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main purpose of the indirect pathway? |
|
Definition
| inhibition, to reduce movement |
|
|
Term
| where does the indirect pathway begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the indirect pathway. |
|
Definition
1-cortex (stimulates)
2-stritatum (inhibits)
3-GPe (less inhibition of the STN)
4-STN (stimulates)
5-"SNr-GPi" complex (inhibits)
6-Thalamus (is stimulating less)
7-Cortex (is stimulating less)
8-Muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is a hypo kinetic state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you have parkinson's disease, can you still move? |
|
Definition
| yes, but it is likely to influence the precision of the movement. because dopamine is not released. because the pars compacta cells are not synthesizing dopamine or the dopamine receptors are not receiving adequate dopamine |
|
|
Term
| the GPe is excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main purpose of the direct pathway? |
|
Definition
| excitatory, increase movement |
|
|
Term
| explain the direct pathway. |
|
Definition
1-cortex (stimulates)
2-stritatum (inhibits)
3-"SNr-GPi" complex (less inhibition of thalamus)
4-Thalamus (stimulates)
5-Cortex (stimulates)
6-Muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is a hyperkinetic state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you increase movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if you inhibit inhibition? |
|
Definition
less inhibition
release less GABA |
|
|
Term
| as the motor cortex stimulates the striatum to inhibit the globus pallidus and pars reticulata, what is happening next? |
|
Definition
| less GABA is released at the Thalamus, which causes and increase in excitement of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| the D1 receptors do what? |
|
Definition
| increase in dopamine activity |
|
|
Term
| the D1 receptors have a positive/negative influence on dopamine. what does this lead too? |
|
Definition
positive
leads to movement |
|
|
Term
| the D2 receptors do what? |
|
Definition
| reduces dopamine sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| the motor cortex stimulates the striatum, which releases GABA to inhibit the GPi and pars reticulata, which in turn releases less GABA at the thalamus, which stimulates the motor cortex and leads to muscle movement is what pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the motor cortex stimulates the striatum to release GABA which inhibits the GPe, decrease the GABA released the the subthalamic nucleus, which increases the glutamate released to the GPi, which increases the GABA to the Thalamus, which sends a less excitatory signal to the motor cortex, which leads to decreased muscular movement is what pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F there is a cure for parkinson's disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parkinson's disease affects what percent of people over the age of 50? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
difficulty initiating willfull movements
increased muscle tone
tremors of hands and jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty initiating willfull movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does parkinson's disease result from? |
|
Definition
| the degeneration of the substantia negra inputs to the striatum |
|
|
Term
| would exercise be helpful for a parkinson's patient? |
|
Definition
| yes because it would increase neuroconnectivity and attempt to increase the affects of dopamine |
|
|
Term
what is huntington's disease?
what are the characteristics? |
|
Definition
progressive and lethal syndrom
abnormal movements
dementia
cognitive impairment
disorder of personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus and cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| etiology results in what? |
|
Definition
| loss of inhibitory output to the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| would exercise be helpful for a patient with huntington's disease? |
|
Definition
| yes because it would increase the blood flow the those areas of the brain |
|
|
Term
| huntington's disease attacks what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why would a patient with huntington's disease have abnormal movements? |
|
Definition
| because the inhibitory influence is lost, which controls smooth movements |
|
|
Term
| the cerebellum contributes to what three things? |
|
Definition
coordination
precision
accurate timing |
|
|
Term
| where does the cerebellum receive input information from? |
|
Definition
| spinal cord and other parts of the brain |
|
|
Term
| what does damage to the cerebellum cause? |
|
Definition
| disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning |
|
|
Term
| T/F damage to the cerebellum causes paralysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where does the cerebellum project?
what does this allow it to act as? |
|
Definition
the pre-frontal cortex
can acts as a comparator in that it compares intention with performance by shaping our motor plans and modify those plans for the future |
|
|
Term
the cerebellum is involved in being able to adjust to changes in what?
which can also be called what? |
|
Definition
sensorimotor relationships
synaptic plasticity |
|
|
Term
| T/F the cerebellum is involved in visually guided movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the cerebellum is involved with the internal reference of correctness by internalizing a movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Marr-Albus theory? |
|
Definition
the climbing fiber serves as a "teaching signal," which induces a long-lasting change in the strength of synchronously activated parallel fiber inputs
long term potentiation |
|
|
Term
| based on the Marr-Albus theory each cerebellar purkinje cell receives input from what? |
|
Definition
parallel fibers
single climbing fiber |
|
|
Term
| in the cerebellum what is a parallel fibers strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the cerebellum what is a climbing fiber's strength? |
|
Definition
| strong enough to cause the Purkinje cell to burst with APs |
|
|
Term
| how does the cerebellum help with fine tuning of motor skills? (steps) |
|
Definition
receives information->
projects to the pre-frontal cortex->
informs the brain about sensory information which will increase the accuracy of the movement |
|
|
Term
| where is the cerebellum located? |
|
Definition
| underneath the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
what is the cerebellum covered in?
what does it conceal? |
|
Definition
| finely spaced grooves that conceal a continuous layer of folded tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the different types of neurons of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
purkinje cells and granule cells
mossy fibers
climbing fibers
deep nuclei |
|
|
Term
| where does all input to the cerebellum go to before it moves to the cortex? |
|
Definition
| one of the three deep nuclei |
|
|
Term
| where does all the output of the cerebellum go before going to the cerebral cortex and brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all the layers of the cerebellum share information that leads to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
explain the pathway when you move your head.
begin with activated cells |
|
Definition
activate cells in the vestibule area->
to the cranial nerve->
to the spinal cord->
to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the smallest subdivision of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the vestibulocerebellum involved in? |
|
Definition
balance
spatial orientation |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary connections of the vestibulocerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what problems would you have if there were lesions to the vestibulocerebellum? |
|
Definition
| problems with balance and gait |
|
|
Term
| what are the three sub-divisions of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
vestibulocerebellum
spinocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum |
|
|
Term
where does the spinocerebellum receive input from?
what kind of input? |
|
Definition
the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, spinocerebellar tract, and trigeminal nerve, visual and auditory systems
proprioceptive |
|
|
Term
| what is the spinocerebellum involved in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the spinocerebellum is the largest sub-division of the cerebellum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where does the cerebrocerebellum receive input from exclusively?
what lobe especially? |
|
Definition
the cerebral cortex
parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| where does the cerebrocerebellum send output? |
|
Definition
| the ventrolateral thalamus |
|
|
Term
| T/F the dorsal columns of the spine project on the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the cerebellum projects to the front part of the brain to make a comparison between what you want to happen based on what actually occurred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the mossy fiber project? |
|
Definition
| directly to the dee cerebellar nuclei |
|
|
Term
| where do the climbing fibers project? |
|
Definition
| to purkinje cells and collaterals to deep nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what are the dominant cells of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| purkinje and granule cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the dominant axons of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| mossy fibers and climbing fibers and parallel fibers |
|
|
Term
| where do the two main pathways through the cerebellar circuit originate? |
|
Definition
| mossy and climbing fibers |
|
|
Term
| where do the two main pathways through the cerebellar circuit terminate? |
|
Definition
| the deep cerebellar nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is the bottom layer of the cerebellum made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the middle layer of the cerebellum made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is the top layer of the cerebellum made of? |
|
Definition
| flattened dendritic trees of purkinje cells |
|
|
Term
| where are excitatory receptors located on the dendrite? |
|
Definition
| further from the cell body, distal ends of the dendrite |
|
|
Term
| where are inhibitory receptors located on the dendrite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does information from the dorsal columns enter the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are working simultaneously to make precise voluntary movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two groups of axons descend from the brain down the spinal cord along what two major pathways? |
|
Definition
Lateral pathways
Ventromedial pathways |
|
|
Term
| what does the lateral pathway control? |
|
Definition
voluntary movement
control of distal musculature |
|
|
Term
| what is in control of the lateral pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the ventromedial pathway has three descending tracts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where do the tracts of the ventromedial pathway originate?
terminate? |
|
Definition
the brain stem
spinal interneurons controlling proximal and axial musculature |
|
|
Term
| what does the ventromedial pathway control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in control of the ventromedial pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the corticospinal tract originate? |
|
Definition
| pyramidal cell layer 5 of the motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| pyramidal cells of the corticospinal tract release what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 85-90% of the axons in the corticospinal tract do what? |
|
Definition
| decussate in the caudal medulla |
|
|
Term
| How does the corticospinal tract descend, where does it innervate? |
|
Definition
| travels down the spinal cord and innervate in opposite hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| the lateral corticospinal tract is about what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a dense population of interneurons in the spinal cord allows for what? |
|
Definition
| multidirectional connection of movement |
|
|
Term
| the lateral corticospinal tract mediates the execution of what? |
|
Definition
| movements of the distal musculature of the upper and lower limbs, especially the hands and feet |
|
|
Term
| if you have a stroke, results in not being able to move the left hand, where did the stroke occur in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract descend via what?
terminate where? |
|
Definition
the anterior funiculus
anterior horn gray matter of cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord levels |
|
|
Term
| the anterior corticospinal tract innervates what? |
|
Definition
the axial and proximal limb (girdle) muscles
shoulder girdle and hips |
|
|
Term
| where are the cortionuclear tract fibers derived from? |
|
Definition
| the PMC(brodman's area 4), pre-motor(area 6,8) and somatosensory(area 1,2,3) cortex |
|
|
Term
| where does the corticonucelar tract project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do corticonuclear tract also terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what corticonuclear tract supports what? |
|
Definition
cranial muscle activity
reflexive eye movements
facial
mastication
tongue, palate, larynx, pharynx
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
(voluntary movement) |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in lesions to the corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| can sit up and maintain balance, but if you hand them food they cannot make the connection |
|
|
Term
| strokes in the corticospinal tract result in what? |
|
Definition
| paralysis on the contralateral side |
|
|
Term
what occurred in lesion only to the corticospinal tract?
was there recovery? |
|
Definition
severe loos of movement
function occurred after several months with some loss of fine motor control of fingers |
|
|
Term
| what ventromedial pathway uses sensory information about body position, balance, and the visual environment to do what? |
|
Definition
| REFLEXIVELY maintain balance and body posture |
|
|
Term
what does the medial vestibulospinal tract control?
regulate? |
|
Definition
mainly extensors
posture, balance, particularly head stability |
|
|
Term
| what is activated when i move my head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the lateral vestibulospinal tract receives excitatory input from where?
inhibitory input? |
|
Definition
vestibular organs and deep cerebellar nuclei
purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| where is the lateral vestibulospinal tract located? |
|
Definition
| brain stem and spinal cord area |
|
|
Term
| the vestibular apparatus uses cranial nerves to send axons where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lateral vestibulospinal tract as what innervation to wherE? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral innervation of interneurons that excited motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| T/F the medial vestibulospinal tract excites motor neurons mainly to the arms, neck and back muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lateral vestibulospinal tract regulate? |
|
Definition
| regulation of posture and balance |
|
|
Term
| where does the pontine resticulospinal tract get input from? |
|
Definition
| both cortices and ascending sensory input from spinoreticular tract neurons |
|
|
Term
| what does the pontine reticulospinal tract support? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pontine reticulospinal strict has ipsilateral innervation of interneurons that EXCITE/INHIBIT motor neurons to the limb and trunk muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the tectospinal tract originate? |
|
Definition
| superior colliculus of the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| where does the superior colliculus receive input from? |
|
Definition
retina
visual cortex
somatosensory and auditory info |
|
|
Term
| the tectospinal tract mediates what? |
|
Definition
| reflexive movements of the eyes, and the cervical and thoracic region of the trunk |
|
|
Term
| where is the tectospinal tract located? |
|
Definition
|
|
