Term
| 3 developmental stages in utero and their time periods? |
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Definition
Pre-embryonic: conception - day 14
Embryonic: day 15 - week 8
Fetal: week 8 - birth |
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Term
| The inner cell mass of the blastocyst in the pre-embryonic stage becomes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of the embryonic disk becomes the sensory organs, epidermis, and NS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of the embryonic disk becomes the gut, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| During what stage does the nervous system form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the parts of the neural tube in the order that they form |
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Definition
1. Neural plate
2. Neural groove
3. Neural tube
4. Closing of neural pores |
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Term
| Which future spinal region does the neural tube close first? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do the superior and inferior neuropores close, respectively? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of the neural tube contains cell bodies and becomes the gray matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which future brain region do somites first begin to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anteromedial part of the somite and what will it eventually become? |
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Definition
| Sclerotome becomes vertebrae and skull |
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Term
| What is the lateral part of the somite and what will it eventually become? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the dorsal section of the mantle layer of the neural tube that contains neurons that proliferate and form projection neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the separation of two columns on each side of the neural tube that breaks up into segments corresponding to the dermal areas of somites? What does this form? |
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Definition
| Neural crest forms peripheral sensory neurons, myelin cells, autonomic neurons, and endocrine organs |
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Term
| After what month of development does the spinal column grow faster than the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brodmann's areas 1, 2, & 3 functional area, location, and function? |
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Definition
| Primary somatosensory cortex, postcentral gyrus, touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary motor cortex, precentral gyrus, voluntary motor control |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary visual cortex, calcarine fissure, vision |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary auditory cortex, Helsch's gyri and SUP temporal gyrus, hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Broca's area / lateral premotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, speech & movement planning |
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Term
| Collection of lumbosacral nerve roots extending inferior to the end of the SC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Continuation of the dura, pia, and glia? |
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Definition
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Term
| The name for the end of the SC? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 enlargements of the future brain and what parts they become? |
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Definition
Rhombencephalon --> hindbrain
Mesencephalon --> midbrain
Prosencephalon --> forebrain |
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Term
| 2 parts of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the parts they become? |
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Definition
Metencephalon --> upper medulla, pons, & cerebellum
Mylencephalon --> lower medulla |
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Term
| Central canal of rhombencephalon becomes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Central canal of mesencephalon becomes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two parts of prosencephalon and the parts they become? |
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Definition
Telencephalon --> cerebral hemispheres, cortex white matter, basal ganglion, lateral ventricles
Diencephalon --> thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, 3rd ventricle |
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Term
| Section of cortex covered by other region? |
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Definition
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Term
| The forward end of the neuron process expands to form this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines muscle fiber type? |
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Definition
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Term
| During what month of development does myelination begin? When does it end? |
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Definition
| 4th month, 3rd year of life |
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Term
| The name for when NS damage occurring early is not evident until the damaged system normally becomes functional |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the CNS most susceptible to major malformations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of target cells axons may interact with? |
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Definition
| Neurons, muscle cells, glands |
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Term
| What part of the neuron does protein synthesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the mechanism for transporting substances along an axon? What are the two types? |
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Definition
Axoplasmic transport
Anterograde: soma --> presynaptic terminal
Retrograde: synapse --> soma |
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Term
| What type of neuron has 2 primary processes (dendritic root and axon) extending from the soma? Give an example. |
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Definition
Bipolar cells
Retinal bipolar cell of eye |
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Term
| What type of neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon? |
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Definition
| Multipolar cells (most common) |
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Term
| What type of neuron has a single projection from the soma divided into 2 axonal roots? Give an example. |
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Definition
Pseudounipolar cells
Sensory neurons |
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Term
| Membrane channel that uses the diffusion of a small number of ions slowly and continuously? |
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Definition
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Term
| Membrane channel that uses mechanical forces, temperature changes, or chemicals? What type of neurons is this channel specific to? |
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Definition
Modality-gated
Sensory neurons |
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Term
| Membrane channel that uses neurotransmitter binding to a channel receptor on a postsynaptic cell membrane? What type of electrical potential? |
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Definition
Ligand-gated channels
Local potentials |
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Term
| Membrane channel that uses changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane? What type of potential is produced? |
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Definition
Voltage-gated
Action potential |
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Term
| What is the distribution of ions for resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| More Na+ and Cl- outside, more K+ inside |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways of maintaining resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
1. Na+-K+ pump (uses ATP to carry 2 K+ into the cell, 3 Na+ out)
2. Negative molecules trapped inside neuron
3. Passive diffusion of ions through leak channels |
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Term
| What do you call a change in potential to be less negative than resting? Excitatory/inhibitory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a change in potential to be more negative than resting? Excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
Hyperpolarization
Inhibitory |
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Term
| What is the name for gradual and long-lasting small changes in membrane potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the sequence of transmitting info between axons |
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Definition
1. Peripheral receptor deforms
2. Change in local membrane potential
3. AP develops
4. Neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminal
5. Transmitter binds to ligand-gated receptor on postsynaptic membrane
6. Activation of synaptic potential in postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
| What are the two types of local potentials, where do these occur and what kind of channel do they use? |
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Definition
Receptor potential, peripheral receptors, modality-gated channels
Synaptic potentials, postsynaptic membrane, ligand-gated channel |
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Term
| What is the combined effect of a series of small potential changes occurring within milliseconds of each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the combining of either receptor or synaptic potentials generated in different regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is AP threshold stimulus intensity? |
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Definition
| 15 mV (from -70 to -55 mV) |
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Term
| What is the peak intensity of an AP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the sequence of events during an AP |
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Definition
1. Rapid depolarization caused by opening of voltage gated Na+ channel
2. Decreased Na+ conduction when channel closes
3. Rapid repolarization when voltage gated K+ channel opens |
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Term
| What is the period of hyperpolarization followed by repolarization after an AP? |
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Definition
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Term
| During this type of refractory period, the membrane is unresponsive to stimuli and the Na+ channel cannot be reopened |
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Definition
| Absolute refractory period |
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Term
| During this type of refractory period a stimulus may activate the Na+ channel but must be much stronger than normal |
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Definition
| Relative refractory period |
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Term
| What two structural adaptations can promote propagation of APs down the length of an axon? |
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Definition
| Increased diameter of the axon and myelination |
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Term
| What is the name for the propagation of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glial cells are linked in the pathogenesis of what two neurological conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of macroglia thought to have most direct role in cell signaling? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter do astrocytes release? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do astrocytes communicate with another? |
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Definition
| Bidirectional diffusion of Ca2+ through gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Take up extra K+ ions
2. Removing chemical transmitters
3. Clean up debris
4. Nutritive function (end feet connect neurons and blood capillaries, components BBB)
5. Pathway for migrating neurons for development/injury recovery |
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin in what respective nervous system divisions? How many axons can each one wrap around? |
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Definition
CNS, PNS
Oligodendrovytes - many
Schwanns - one or many |
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Term
| What type of macroglia acts as a phagocyte within the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Demyelination of the PNS contributes to what neurological disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Abnormal activation of microglia in the NS has been identified in what two neurological conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name one beneficial and one harmful effect of neuroinflammation. |
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Definition
Beneficial: initiates intervention of microglia
Harmful: death of neurons & oligodendrocytes, inhibition of neural regeneration |
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Term
| True/false: Mature neurons can reproduce |
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Definition
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