Term
| what kind of fibers transmimt light touch information |
|
Definition
| A myelinated medium sized fibers that are uncapsulated |
|
|
Term
| where to pancinial corpuslce fibers to in the spinal cord |
|
Definition
| dorsal funiculi and lateral white matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they associated inflammation with pain and carry the information on small diameter fibers |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of what happens when a tissue is damaged |
|
Definition
chemical mediators released
venules dilate
nociceptors register pain
impulses sent on afferent fibers
substance P released
arterioles dilate
mast cell degranulation
swelling and edema |
|
|
Term
| how is concious proprioception sensex |
|
Definition
| mostly with muscle spindles |
|
|
Term
| where is proprioception sensed |
|
Definition
| muscle spindles and endings, joint capsules, ligaments of joints |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the medial laminiscus pathway |
|
Definition
| discrimitive touch, proprioception, stereogenesis |
|
|
Term
| explain the somatotopy of the medial laminiscus pathway |
|
Definition
laterally are the spinal dermatomes, arms, neck, and OA
medial are the sacral dermatomes, leg and low trunk
legs begins anterior arms posterior at nucleus
arms medial legs lateral at medullopontine angle
legs posterior arms anterior at midbrain
legs lateral and arms medial at thalamus |
|
|
Term
| what nucleus does the direct pathway of the spinothalamic pathway synapse in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the somatotopy of the spinothalamic pathway |
|
Definition
lower pody is posterolateral
upper body is anterolateral |
|
|
Term
| in pain modulation, where are the fibers send from the nucleus raphe, on what tract |
|
Definition
| to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord on the raphespinal and to the spinal trigeminal nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the anterior spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive for spinal motor activity in the lower limb |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the rostral spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive for spinal motor activity in the upper limb |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway of the anterior spinocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
synapse in laminae V-VII
cross over in anterior white comissure (L3-5)
superior peduncle
cross over in cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the spinpcerebellar pathway |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive and tactle, posture, movement in the lower limb |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cuneocerebellar pathway |
|
Definition
| proprioceptive and tactle, posture, movement in the upper limb |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway of the cuneocerebellar tract |
|
Definition
ascends in cuneate fasiculus
synapse in lateral / accessory cuneate nucleus
inferior peduncle
ipsilateral restiform body |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway of the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway |
|
Definition
clarks nucleus in sacral and lumbar
inferior peduncle OR nucleus of Z, internal arcuate, medial laminiscus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the fibers in the nucleus of Z |
|
Definition
| concious proprioception of lower limbs |
|
|
Term
| what brodmans areas is the secondary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain what would happen in a lesion of the primary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
impairs fine motor sensation, positional movement
tactile sensation is fine |
|
|
Term
| where is the secondary somatosensory cortex? how is it organized |
|
Definition
below postcentral gyrus and may extend to insula
somatotopically like S1
body is bilaterally but mostly contralaterally represented |
|
|
Term
| what would happen if there was a lesion in the secondary somatosensory cortex |
|
Definition
loss of discrimitive sensation
could take over for a lesion in S1 |
|
|
Term
| what nuclei does the trigeminal laminiscus go to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what foramina do the trigeminal branches go through (include cavernous sinus) |
|
Definition
V1: cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure
V2: cavernous sinus, foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
| explain the corneal reflex |
|
Definition
afferent limb is trigeminal V1 opthalamic
efferent limb is |
|
|
Term
| what does V3 provide motor innervation to |
|
Definition
muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
muscles of the first pharyngeal arch |
|
|
Term
| explain the path of the trochlear fibers |
|
Definition
| trochlear nuclei, cross over in midbrain, encircle subarachnoid, superior orbital fissure, superior oblique |
|
|
Term
| where is the trochlear nucleus |
|
Definition
| level of inferior colliculus within the MLF and axons in the PAG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony enclosure around abducent nerve and inferior petrosal sinus that merges into cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| explain the path of the parasympathetic oculomotor fibers |
|
Definition
cell bodies in ed west nuclei in pretectal area
synapse in ciliary ganglion
sphinctor muscle of itis and cilia for accomodation |
|
|
Term
| what brogams area is the primary visual cortex, where is it located |
|
Definition
17
calacrine fissure occipital love |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poorly developed sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the olfactory nerve provide visceral responses |
|
Definition
| shared entorhinal cortex with limbic system which is also connected to the hypothalamus which controls ANS |
|
|
Term
| where is the olfactory cortex derived from |
|
Definition
| olfactory placode of the ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the primary olfactory cortex, what brogmans areas |
|
Definition
pyriform cortex (entroymal / anterior parahyppocampal 28, limen insulae 34)
amygdaloid body |
|
|
Term
| what are the olfactary areas of the brain, what do they do |
|
Definition
primary olfactory cortex: concious awareness of olfactory stimuli
olfactory association cortex: behavorial reaction to odor, feelings involved |
|
|
Term
| where are taste buds derived from, when |
|
Definition
| endoderm in week 8, functional at 5 mo |
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors do fast neurotransmitters combine with |
|
Definition
| inotrophic that control membrane ion channels |
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors do slow neurotransmitters combine with |
|
Definition
| metabotrophic associated with G proteins |
|
|
Term
| what does GABA do at the receptor |
|
Definition
inotrophic opens Cl channels
metabotrophic opens K channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypothalamus, substantia niagral, ventral trigaminal area
modulator in corpus stratum, limbic system, prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| where is norepinepherine used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tuberomammilary nucleus of hypothalamis, brain areas that maintiain conciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuromodulation in brainstem and axons traveling to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after injury receptors become more sensitive to noxious stimuli due to chemicals released by damaged skin |
|
|
Term
| where are inhibitor pain interneuros located |
|
Definition
| substantia gelatinosa and spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
|
Term
| superior medullary vellum |
|
Definition
| white matter continous with the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what are the openings from the ventricles to subarachnoid |
|
Definition
| lateral aperature, inferior medial opening (median aperature, foramen of magendle), foramen of lushka (lateral aperature) |
|
|
Term
| what cistern recieves CSF from the median aperature |
|
Definition
| posterior cerebellomedullary (cistern magna) between posterior medulla and inferior cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| what cistern receives CSF from the lateral aperature |
|
Definition
| lateral cerebellomedullary over CN IX, X, XII, XI |
|
|
Term
| what is the simple cuboidal tissue and core of the choroid plexus derived from |
|
Definition
simple cuboidal: ependyma
core: pia mater |
|
|
Term
| what ions is CSF high and low in |
|
Definition
high: Cl, Na, Mg
low: K Ca, glucose, protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle from the cachial arch mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle from somites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin, skeletal muscle, bone, joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the sensory innervation to the mouth and throat |
|
Definition
vagus GVA: low pharynx, larynxx, esophagus, trachea
glossopharyngeal GVA: posterior tounge, soft palate |
|
|
Term
| describe the sensory innervation to the internal ear and eustachian tube |
|
Definition
glossopharyngeal GVA: tympanic cavity (middle ear), auditory tube
glossopharyngeal GSA: external auditoruu meatus
vagus GSA: tympanic membrane and external auditory meatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
afferent limb via glossopharyngeal
efferent limb via vagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corneal or conjunctive irritation stimulates afferent limb via trigeminal nerve to sensory trigeminal nucleus
efferent limb via facial nerve |
|
|
Term
| explain the path of parasympathetic glossopharyngela fibers |
|
Definition
inferior salvitory nucleus
glossopharyngeal root
tympanic nerve
lesser petrosal nerve
otic ganglion
auriculotemporal (V3)
parotid gland |
|
|
Term
what nucleus does the vestibular nerve go to in the thalamus, where does this project to in the brain
what are the functions of these areas |
|
Definition
venterior posterior nucleus (concious orientation in space)
area C3 (sense head position)
retroinsular cortex and posterior parietal cortex (concious awarenss of surroundings) |
|
|
Term
| what peripherial ganglion are the cell bodies of the vestibular nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after vibrating the ossicles, what areas are affected in the ear |
|
Definition
| pressure changes the scala vestibuli, media, and tympani of the cochlea moving the basial membrane and the tectorial membrane |
|
|
Term
| what peripherial ganglion are the cell bodies of the chchlear nerve |
|
Definition
| spinal / cochlear ganglion |
|
|
Term
| explain the projections from the solitary nucleus |
|
Definition
some fibers go to forebrain, hypothalamus, amygdla for endocrine
taste fibers go to the VPM then on the thalamocortical tract to the primary gustatory cortex (43)
sensor go to the parabrachial nuclei, VPN, lateral post central gyrus |
|
|
Term
| how does kainate and conatokins work |
|
Definition
| block glutamate receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow vesicle connection to membrane, docking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activate muscarinic ach receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activate ach receptors on visceral tissue innervated by parasympathetic ns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block anticholinesterase, makes sure ach synapses |
|
|
Term
| what does physostigmine do |
|
Definition
| treat glaucoma, lower pressure in eye |
|
|
Term
| where is acetycholinesteranse inhibitor found |
|
Definition
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