Term
The Spinal Cord goes thru what? List the what's function |
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Definition
center of the spinal cord stacked vertebrae which function to protect the spinal cord |
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Term
| What branches out from the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Spinal Cord also has the ? containing spinal fluid and its enlargement the ?. |
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Definition
Subarachoid space lumbar cistern |
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Term
| What is numbered and named according to their location in the spinal column |
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Definition
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Term
| What is numbered and indicated by their corresponding vertebrae |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the order starting with medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| Medulla oblongat continues to the spinal cord, thru the cervical nerves, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and lower ending is the coccygeal |
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Definition
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| What occurs just outside the vertebral column |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pards of the vertebrae? |
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Definition
| Body of the vertebrae, vertebral foreman, spinaous process |
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Term
| Where are spinal nerves found |
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Definition
| vertebral space in btw the vertebraes |
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Term
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Definition
join vertebrae intervertebral disks (cartilagenous joints) facet joints (synovial joints - zygopophyseal joints) |
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Term
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Definition
| Join vertebrae, longitudinal (ant. post), ligamenta flava, supraspinal |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoracic and sacral - primary; cerviacal and lumbar - secondary |
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Term
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Definition
| segmental and vertebral vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| to meninges, vertebreae, disks, ligaments, and joints |
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Term
| Abnormalities or defects of spinal column |
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Definition
| scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, herniated disks |
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Term
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Definition
| section of spinal cord giving rise to a specific spinal nerve; 31 segments |
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Definition
| cervical and lumbosacral - cord larger where nervest to limbs arise |
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Term
| What contains fat and vertebral plexus of veins |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer covering - "durable" dural sac ends at S2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Potential space btw dura and arachnoid |
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Definition
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Term
| Looks like a spider web attached to pia by trabeculae |
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Definition
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Term
| What is btw arachnoid and pia ends at s2 - contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cerbrospinal fluid do? |
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Definition
Bathe and cushion the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| Outer layer of CNS, forms dentate ligaments and filum terminale |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of blood supply of vertebrae and spinal cord |
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Definition
1. Arterial - segmental arteries from which arise: branch to the vertebra, radicular which join to form anterior spinal and posterior spinal arteries 2. Venous - vertbral venous plexus - connects to segmental veing inf. vena cava. |
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Term
| What are the functional considerations of the spinal cord |
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Definition
- lumbar punture (spinal tap) - to remove csf for analysis - Anesthesia - spinal; epidural (extradural: caudal - herniated disks - ridculopathies - Developmental defects - spina bifida, meningocele, myelomeningocele |
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Term
| The brainstem contains what type of neurons and for what purpose |
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Definition
| lower moter for the muscles of the head and does the inital processing of general afferent information concerning the head |
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Term
| The brainstem consistes of what 3 parts |
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Definition
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Term
| Thea activities of the brainstem may be divided into 3 general types |
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Definition
1. Conduit functions 2. Cranial Nerve Functions 3. Integrative Functions |
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Term
| What are conduit functions |
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Definition
Are apparent, since the only way for ascending tract to reach the spinal cord is through the brainstem -Many of these tracts, however, are not straight-through affairs, and relay nuclei in the brainstem are frequently involved |
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Term
| What are Cranial Nerve Functions |
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Definition
| The cranial nerves are the head's equivalent of spinal nerve fibers. With the addition of special fibers involved in the special senses of olfaction, sight, hearing, equilibrium, and taste. |
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Term
| What are integrative functions of the brainstem |
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Definition
-A number of integrative functions are organized at the level of the brainstem - include complex motor patterns, aspects of respiratory and cardiovascular activity, and even some regulation of the level of consciousness - Much of this is accomplished by the reticular formation |
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Term
| At any given brainstem level rostral to the obex, 3 general areas can be identified in cross section |
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Definition
1. The area posterior to the ventricular space 2. The area anterior tothe ventricular space 3. and large structures "appended" to the anterior surface of the brainstem |
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Term
Posterior to the Ventricular Space (midbrain) |
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Definition
-only place where this part contains a substantial amount of neural tissue - called the tectum (roof) -consists of superior and inferior colliculi |
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Term
Anterior to the Ventricular Space (midbrain) |
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Definition
-called the tegmentum -contains most of the structures including reticualar formation, cranial nerve nuclei and tracts, ascending pathways from the spinal cord and some descending pathways |
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Term
| Structures appended to the anterior surface |
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Definition
large fiber bundles of the cerebral peduncles, the basal pons, and the pyramids of the medulla. - these structures contain fiber descending from the cerebral cortex to the: spinal cord; certain creanial nerve nuclei; the pontine nuclei, which in trun project to the cerebellum |
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Term
| Structures in the tectum that are for visual reflexes and relay center for auditory information |
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Definition
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Term
| Impairment of this results in the loss of consciousness or coma |
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Definition
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Term
| What huge bundle of axons traveleing from the cerebral cortex into/thru brainstem have fibers important for voluntary motor function |
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Definition
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Term
abudent blood supply aid in the unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities |
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Definition
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Term
nuclear mass btw the tegmentum and cerbral pduncles; has interconnections with other basal ganglia nuclei and is involved in cordinating movement and muscle tone - Degeneration leads to parkinsons disease |
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Definition
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Term
| The midbrain containes which 2 carnial nerve nuclei |
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Definition
| 3 and 4 which control eye movement |
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Term
L bridge is dominated by the massive, transversely oriented structure on its ventral surface called the ?, it looks like a bridge interconnecting the 2 cerebellar hemispshperes. It DOES NOT actually internconnect them.
Descending fibers in cerebral punducle synapse in ? which acts as a relay stating that connects the motor cortex with the cerebellum concerning the coordination of voluntary movements |
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Definition
| Pons, basal pons, scattered pontine nuclei |
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Term
What composed the midbrain |
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Definition
| Reticular formation, cerbral peduncle, red nucleous, substantia nigra, medial lemniscus, cranial nerve 3 &4 |
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Term
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Definition
| basal pons, scattered pontine nuclei, nerve 5-8 with 3 being along the groove between the basal pons and the medulla |
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Term
| Talk about the cerebellum |
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Definition
aka little brain, involved in coordination of movement, partial motor learnings, such as riding a bike; IPSILaterally Operates in 3's - there are 3 highways in and out - 3 main inputs - 3 main outpus from deep nuclei |
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Term
| What is in the Diencephalon and what do these structures do? |
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Definition
Thalamus - egg shaped relay visual, auditory, etc info Hypothalamus - small region containing nuclei assoc. with limbic and vegtative funcutions such as thirst, temperature, regulation 3rd Ventricle - communicates the lateral ventricals |
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Term
| What is the mesencephalon |
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Definition
(midbrain) consistes fo tectum, mesnecephalic tegmentum, and cerebral peduncles |
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Term
| What does the metencephalon comprised of |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the myelencephalon |
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Definition
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Term
| how are cranial nerves different from spinal nerves |
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Definition
| Cranial nerves are divided to serve on or a few specific functions in wider anatomical area |
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Term
| Which two cranial nerves are not part of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| olfactory and optic nerves - CNS continuation |
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Term
| What are the parts of the vestibular system |
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Definition
balance ampula with the cupula 3 semicircular canals utricle and saccule |
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Term
| Special notes on olfactory nerve |
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Definition
consistes of the olfactory nerve, epithelium - activated across the criviform plante and pass to the olfactory bulb. only nerve that does not go to the thalamus. Has only a special sensory component |
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Term
| Special notes on optic nerve |
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Definition
visual infor enters the eye in photons of light which are converted to electrical signals in the retina and then carried via the optic nerves, chiasm, and to the thalamust to the primary visual cortex Mostly contralateral Anatomic pt of view ispilateral Brodmans area 17 |
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Term
| Special notes on cn 3 Oculomotor |
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Definition
somatic motor - supplies 4 of the 6 extrocular muscles of the eye and muscle of the upper eyelid Visceral motor - innervation of the constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscles There are 6 extraocular muscles in each orbit |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior oblique muscle - depresses, intorts (rotates inward) and abducts the eye |
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Term
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Definition
Opthalmic - forehead and corneal sensation and reflex Maxillary - intraorbital, palatal, and upper teeth sensation Mandibular - chin lower teeth and tougue sensation; motor controlling of the jaw |
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Term
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Definition
Innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the ipsilateral orbit Lateral rectus muscle (abducen) is one of six extraocular muscles responsible for the precise movement of the eye for visual trackong or fixation on an object. |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve 7 - facial nerve |
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Definition
Motor activity of the face with 4 components 1.Brancial motor - facial expression 2. Visceral motor - parasymptathetic innervation of the mandibular glands, nasopharynx, hard and soft palate 3. Taste Senstation 4. Sensation fromt he skin of the concha of the auricle and from a small area behind the ear |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve 8 auditory nerve (Vestibulochochlear) |
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Definition
2 branches Cochela - auditory related pathway to the brain Vestbular - balance and postion of the head |
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Term
| Cranial nerve 9 - Glossopharyngeal |
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Definition
Tounge Brancial motor - voluntary contontrol of motor elevating pharynx during swallowing and speech Visceral motor - carries visceral sensory information general senstory - provides sensory infor form the skin Special sensory |
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Term
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Definition
Autonomic Function Brancial motor - supplies voluntary muscles of the pharynx and most of the larynx (more see notes) |
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Term
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Definition
| moving the head and shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
movement of the tounge responsible for articulation difficulties, dysarthria test by sticking out tounge |
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