Term
| What types of molecules can pass through the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
| Small, nonpolar molecules. Gases like O2 can diffuse, other important molecules like amino acids and glucose are brought over using active transport. |
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Term
| What is the name of the ending of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the cauda equina? |
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Definition
| A collection of inferior nerve roots distal to L1. |
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Term
What are the dorsal (posterior) horns of the spinal cord responsible for? [image] |
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Definition
| Incoming sensory fibers, mostly interneurons. |
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Term
| What are the ventral (anterior) horns of the spinal cord responsible for? |
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Definition
| Location of motor neurons, reflects the amount of skeletal muscle innervated in area. |
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Term
| What type of matter are the horns of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of matter are the roots of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| White matter, myelinated. |
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Term
| What are the ventral roots of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Axons of motor neurons projecting to muscle. |
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Term
| What are the dorsal roots of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Afferent fibers carrying impulses from sensory receptors. |
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Term
| What are the spinal cord's dorsal root ganglia? |
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Definition
| Cell bodies of sensory neurons from dorsal roots extending outside the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dorsal and ventral roots, short, and fuse outside cord to form a mixed spinal nerve. |
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Term
| What are the spinothalamic pathways responsible for? |
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Definition
| Transmitting pain and temperature impulses. |
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Term
| What is the corticospinal tract responsible for? |
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Definition
| Transmitting motor information. |
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Term
| From where does the corticospinal tract originate? |
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Definition
| Originate from the pyramidal cells in the motor cortex, fibers continue through internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, pons, and cross in the medulla. |
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Term
| What is polio and what does it cause? |
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Definition
| Inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to destruction of anterior horn motor neurons. |
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Term
| What is ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) and what does it cause? |
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Definition
| It is a progressive destruction of the anterior horn and pyramidal tract neurons, leading to a gradual paralysis and eventual death. |
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Term
| What are the three types of sensory receptors according to location? |
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Definition
| Exteroceptors, interceptors, and proprioceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitive to stimuli arising outside the body, mostly near the body's surface. These sensations include touch, pressure, pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as visceroreceptors, they respond to stimuli arising within body, such as internal organs and vessels. Chemical, stretch, temperature, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| These respond to internal stimuli, are especially linked to skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments. |
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Term
| What are the types of sensory receptors according to stimulus detected? |
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| These receptors respond to painful stimuli. |
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Term
| What type of receptor is a Merkel cell? |
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Definition
| It is an unencapsulated receptor, free dendritic endings, unmyelinated with small diameter, responds to pain and temperature. |
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Term
| What are the two types of sensory receptors according to structural complexity? |
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Definition
| Unencapsulated receptors and encapsulated receptors. |
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Term
| What are some examples of encapsulated receptors? |
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Definition
| Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs. |
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Term
| What are the location and function of a Meissner's corpuscle? |
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Definition
| Located in the epidermis, respond to light touch. |
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Term
| What are the location and function of a Pacinian corpuscle? |
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Definition
| Located in the dermis, respond to deep pressure and vibrations. |
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Term
| What are the anatomical characteristics of a peripheral nerve? |
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Definition
| Epineurium, perineurium, and the endoneurium. |
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Term
| What is the epineurium of a peripheral nerve? |
|
Definition
| A tough fibrous layer that surrounds entire nerve. |
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Term
| What is the perineurium of a peripheral nerve? |
|
Definition
| A coarse layer surrounding a group of fibers (fascicles) within a nerve. |
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Term
| What is the endoneurium of a peripheral nerve? |
|
Definition
| A delicate layer that surrounds each individual axon in the nerve. |
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Term
| What is the difference between afferent and efferent? |
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Definition
| Afferent carries sensory information towards the CNS, efferent carries motor information away from the CNS. |
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Term
| What is a neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
| The place where motor fibers innervate voluntary muscle, and axon terminals release ACh. |
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Term
| What is the mnemonic for cranial nerves? |
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Definition
| On Old Olympus Towering Top, A Finn And German Vault And Hop. |
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Term
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Definition
| The olfactory nerve, responsible for smell. |
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Term
| What is Cranial Nerve II? |
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Definition
| The optic nerve, responsible for vision. |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve III? |
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Definition
| The oculomotor nerve, "eye mover". |
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Term
| What is Cranial Nerve IV? |
|
Definition
| The trochlear nerve, "pulley", supplies eye muscle looping through pulley ligament. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The trigeminal nerve, 3 branches that supply facor (sensory) and jaw (motor). |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve VI? |
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Definition
| The abducens nerve, responsible for the abduction of eye movement (lateral movement). |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve VII? |
|
Definition
| The facial nerve, responsible for facial expression. |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve VIII? |
|
Definition
| The vestibulocochlear nerve, responsible for auditory, hearing, and balance. |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve IX? |
|
Definition
| The glossopharyngeal nerve, responsible for the tongue and pharynx. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The vagus nerve, the wanderer that extends to thorax and abdomen beyond head and neck. |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve XI? |
|
Definition
| The accessory nerve, responsible for spinal accessory. |
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|
Term
| What is Cranial Nerve XII? |
|
Definition
| The hypoglossal nerve, "under the tongue" responsible for motor function. |
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|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the functions of cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
| Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter Most. |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of nerves are spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
| All are mixed nerves, named according to the exit point from the spinal cord. |
|
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Term
| In the cervical region, where do spinal nerves immerge? |
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Definition
| First 7 pairs arise superior to same named vertebrae, C8 emerges below vertebrae C7. After cervical level, each spinal nerve leaves vertebral column inferior to same numbered vertebrae. |
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Term
| What are the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves responsible for? |
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Definition
| Innervates muscles surrounding ribs, anterior lateral thorax, and abdominal wall muscles. |
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Term
| With the exception of the thoracic nerves, all other ventral rami form what? |
|
Definition
| Nerve networks (plexuses), i.e. the cervical, lumbar, brachial, and sacral plexuses. |
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|
Term
| What is the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
| Formed by ventral rami C1-C4, mostly cutaneous to relay information from neck, ear, head, shoulder, and innervate muscles of interior neck. |
|
|
Term
| What ventral rami are responsible for keeping the diaphragm alive? |
|
Definition
| Ventral rami of C3-C5, known as the phrenic nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What is the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| Gives rise to all upper extremity nerves, formed by ventral rami C5-C8 & T1. |
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|
Term
| What are the important nerves of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| Axillary, radial, median, ulnar, and musculocutaneous nerves. |
|
|
Term
| What nerve is responsible for the deltoid and teres minor, as well as the rotator cuff? |
|
Definition
| The axillary nerve, which originate from the brachial plexus. |
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|
Term
| What nerve allows extension of arm, forearm, wrist, fingers, etc? |
|
Definition
| The radial nerve allows these movements. |
|
|
Term
| What nerves allows supination of forearm, ABduction of thumb? |
|
Definition
| The radial nerve allows these movements. |
|
|
Term
| What nerve wraps around the lateral epicondyle of the humerus? |
|
Definition
| The radial nerve wraps around this area. |
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|
Term
| What nerve allows flexion of the forearm, wrist, and fingers, pronation of the forearm? |
|
Definition
| The medial nerve allows these movements. |
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|
Term
| What nerve allows the movement of the opposing thumb, the "million dollar" nerve? |
|
Definition
| The medial nerve allows this movement. |
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|
Term
| What nerve runs along the medial epicondyle of the humerus and is known as the "funny bone"? |
|
Definition
| The ulnar nerve runs along this area. |
|
|
Term
| What movements does the musculocutaneous nerve allow? |
|
Definition
| Movement of the biceps, brachialis, and cutaneous. |
|
|
Term
| What rami form the lumbar plexus? |
|
Definition
| L1 - L4 form this plexus. |
|
|
Term
| What does the lumbar plexus innervate? |
|
Definition
| The anterior and medial thigh. |
|
|
Term
| What are the important nerves of the lumbar plexus? |
|
Definition
| The femoral nerve and obturator nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the quadriceps muscle? |
|
Definition
| The femoral nerve innervates this region. |
|
|
Term
| What ventral rami form the sacral plexus? |
|
Definition
| The ventral rami of L4 though S4. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important nerve of the sacral plexus? |
|
Definition
| The sciatic nerve is the most imporant nerve of this region. |
|
|
Term
| What is the thickest and longest nerve in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
| The tibial (sensory to posterior, motor to back of thight), and common peroneal or fibular (sensory to anterior leg and motor to anterior leg). |
|
|
Term
| What is the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Motor neurons, innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, "self governing". |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the responsibilities of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| Shunting blood to needed regions, speeds or slows the heart, BP and temperature, digestive processes. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in multiple schlerosis? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies attack myelin, slowed sensory and motor responses. |
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