Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal mass of tissue , with growth that exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue . and persists in the same way even when stimulus has ceased . |
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Definition
| Remains localized ,does not metastasize ,amenable to surgical removal,patient generally survives . |
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Definition
| invasive and destructive growth Malignant tumors can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death |
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Definition
| malformation comprising cells which demonstrate disorganised growth . any abnormal mixing of normal components of organs |
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Term
| Epithelial Neoplasms Cell types |
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Definition
| Stratified Squamous ,glandular, Renal ,hepatocyte |
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Term
| Benign epithelial neoplasms |
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Definition
Squamous papiloma(stratified squamous )
Adenoma (glandular)
Renal cell adenoma
Hepatocellular adenoma |
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Term
| Malignant epithelial neoplams |
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Definition
Squamous cell carcinoma (stratified squamous)
Adenocarcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Term
| Mesenchymal neoplasms cell types |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle ,skeletal muscle ,fat, cartilage ,blood vessels |
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Term
| Benign mesenchymal neoplasms |
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Definition
Leiomyoma(sooth muscle )
rhabdomyoma(skeletal muscle)
Lipoma(fat)
Chondroma(cartilage)
Hemangioma (blood vessels) |
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Term
| Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms |
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Definition
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
chondrosarcma
angiosarcoma |
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Term
| benign melanocytic neoplasm |
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Definition
| nevus(birth mark or mole on skin ) |
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Term
| Malignant melanocytic neoplams |
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Definition
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Term
| Benign germ cell neoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| malignant germ cell neoplasms (germ cell compnents) |
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Definition
| malignant teratoma , seminoma/dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumour, embryonal carcinoma,choriocarcinoma |
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Term
| Site of embryonal neoplasms |
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Definition
| kidney ,liver,eye,adrenal |
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Term
| Malignant embryonal neoplasms |
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Definition
| nephroblastoma ,hepatoblastoma ,retinablastoma ,neuroblastoma |
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Term
| Behaviour of benign neoplasms (NSC) |
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Definition
1.non invasive and remains localised
2.slow growth rate
3.close histological resemblance to parent tissue |
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Term
| Clinical Features of benign neoplasms |
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Definition
pressure on adjacent tissue (meningioma-epilepsy)
obstruction of the flow of fluid
production of hormone (thyrotoxicosis)
transformation into malignant neoplams (polyp to carcinoma)
Anxiety |
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Term
| Behaviour of Malignant neoplasm |
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Definition
| rapid growth rate-variable histo resemblence to parent tissue -poorly circumscribed- invasive growth- enroach on +destroy adjacent tissues-central necrosis-metastasis |
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Definition
| Tumour implants discontinuous with primary tumour-marks tumour as malignant-metastasis |
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Term
| Pathways of metastasis(3) |
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Definition
| Lymphatic ,haematogenous,transcoloemic |
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Term
| Lymphatic pathway of metastasis features |
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Definition
| carcinoma ,lymph nodes become enlarged |
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Term
| Haematogenous pathway of metastasis features |
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Definition
Sarcomas,Carcinoma
Sites(lung liver ,bone ,brain) |
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Term
| Transcoleomic pathway of metastasis features |
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Definition
Common sites(peritoneal,pleural +pericardial cavities)
Results from effusion of fluid into cavity |
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Term
| Features of fluid found in transcoleomic metastasis |
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Definition
fluid rich in protein and may contain fibrin .
fluid also contains neoplstic cells causing effusion |
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Term
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Definition
| symptom in patients with malignant neoplams which cannot be explained by local growth or distant spread of the neoplasm or by elaboration of hormone indigenous to the tissue from which the tumour arose |
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Term
| Paraneoplstic effect features |
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Definition
may represent earliest manifestation of an occult neoplasm
=-causes significant morbidity/mortality
mimic metastatic disease and confound treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in defferentiated cells or tissues from one type to another that is not appropriate for that site |
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Definition
| expansion of immature cells . |
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Definition
| may indicate early neoplastic process, increased cell proliferation,presence of atypical morphology +decreased differentiation |
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Term
| dysplasia of the uterine cervix |
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Definition
caused by human papilloma virus
graded by severity of dysplasia
diagnosed by pap smear
confirmed by biopsy |
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Term
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Definition
malignant epithelial tumour limited by basement membrane
no access to lymphatics or blood and cannot metatsisize |
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Term
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Definition
Carcinoma in situ that has invaded thru the basement membrane .
has access to lymphatics + blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
process by which normal cells are transformed into neoplasmic/cancer cells
genetic alterations are fundamental to carcinogenic process |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of mutations leads to neoplastic transformation |
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Term
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Definition
environmental agent participating in the causation of tumours
agents(carcinogenic/oncogenic-tumuor) |
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Term
| Main classes of carcinogens |
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Definition
Chemicals ,Microbes(viruses-HPV,bacteria-helicobacter,fungi-apergillus flavus,parasites)
Radiation , Miscellaneous( exogenous hormones) |
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Term
| Chemical carcinogens features |
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Definition
| act directly requiring no metabolic conversion,no common structural formulas to predict carcinogenic risk |
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Term
oncogenic viruses
Human PAPILLOMA VIRUS |
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Definition
Common Wart (squamous cell papilloma )
cevical carcinoma |
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Term
oncogenic viruses
Epstein Barr Virus |
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Definition
Burkitts lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal cancer |
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Term
Oncogenic viruses
Hepatitis C+B Virus (requires co factor ) |
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Definition
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Term
Oncogenic viruses
Human Herpes V8 |
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Definition
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)
Pleural effusion lymphoma
Plasmablastic lymphoma |
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Term
Oncogenic viruses
Human T Cell lymphocytic Virus 1 |
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Definition
| Adult T cell leukaemia /lymphoma |
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Term
| Helicobacter Pylori bacterial oncogenic characteristics |
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Definition
found in the stomach
causes (gastritis,peptic ulceration,gastric lymphoma) |
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Term
| fungi oncogenic characteristics |
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Definition
| myotoxins ,aflatoxins prod by aspergillus flavus =-linked to hepatocellular carcinoma in africa+China |
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Term
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma produced by ? |
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Definition
| Aflatoxin (co factor ) + Hepatitis B |
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Term
| Schistosomiasis/bilharzia |
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Definition
parasitic disease caused by trematodes
S. haematobium causes urinary schistosomiasis
eventually cancer |
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Term
| liver flukes clonorchis+opisthorchis vivernini |
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Definition
| implicated in adenocarcinoma of bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma) |
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Term
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Definition
Uv light (skin cancer)
Ionising Radiation(skin cancer ,leukemia0
minninf of radioactive uranium (lung cancer ) |
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Term
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Definition
skin cancer most common in parts exposed to light.
more common in fair skinned
increased risk for ( Albinos+XP-congenital deficiency of dna repair enzymes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ionising Radiation features |
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Definition
Carcinogenic effects are long term
acute immediate dose-related effects(Skin erythema ,bone marrow aplasia) |
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Term
| miscellaneous carcinogens |
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Definition
hormones (exogenous oestrogen)-mammry +endometrial carcinomas
Asbestos fibres -mesothelioma and carcinoma of the lung
metals9nickel)-carcinoma of the mucosa linning the nasal cavities of the lung |
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Term
| Host factors of carcinogenesis |
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Definition
| Race, Age ,Gender , Diet (LAck of protective factors ) inherited predisposition |
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Term
| Inherited predesposition of carcinogens |
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Definition
BRCA 1+2 on chromosomes 17+13=- breast cancer
Abnormality of RB1on chromosome 13=--REtinoblastoma
APC on chromosome 5=- increased risk of carcinoma of the colon |
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Term
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Definition
Intiation (genetic defect gives transformed cell neoplastic potential)
Promotion(stimulation of colonal proliferation of initiated transformed cell)
Progression (process culminating in malignant behaviour) |
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Term
| Genetic mechanisms in Carcinogenesis |
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Definition
1.Expression of teleorase to avoid replication senescence( deterioration with age)
2.inactivation of recessive tumour suppressor gene
3. enhanced expression of dominant oncogenes to self stimulate cellular replication |
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