Term
|
Definition
| All societies pass through simpler (lower) to increasingly complex (higher) cultural stages |
|
|
Term
who were the two men involved in unilinear evolution?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did unilinear evolution lead to? |
|
Definition
| it established an objective measure of cultural evolution |
|
|
Term
| what is involved in an objective measure of cultural evolution? |
|
Definition
| evolution occurs as the amount of energy harnessed from environment increases. this new way of evolution does not rely on value judgements inadequate methods |
|
|
Term
| name that goes along with neoevolutionism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is this new type of evolution? |
|
Definition
| neoevolutionism- Universal evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of cultural evolution, which developed laws that apply to culture as a whole and argued that human societies pass through similar stages of development. these changes are drivin by technological improvements that harness more energy. harness more energy and your culture changes (C=ET)--> leads to increase in inequality |
|
|
Term
| Person associated with multilinear evolution and cultural ecology and brought cultural ecology to forefront of multilinear evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary change-does not assume all cutlures follow the same evolutionary path. |
|
|
Term
what does multilinear evolution about linteraction between culture and local environment?
|
|
Definition
| people who face similar environmental challenges are likely to devlop similar technologies. similar solutions lead to parallel developmnet of cultural institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people living in similar ecologies likey develop similar technologies, social structures, political institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in biology/ecology refers to the developments of behavioral and physiological characteristics that aid survivorship in a given environment |
|
|
Term
| what does adaptation refer to? |
|
Definition
| adjustments organisms make to their surroundings. I.e. animals adapting to natural surroundings. humans tend to alter nature in process of adapting to it more than other organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes alteration. human-invironment interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food, water, stone, wood. other things found in environment that people can use to meet their needs |
|
|
Term
| what are some problems the environment throws at people that they must overcome to survive? |
|
Definition
| recource scarcity, high/low temperatures, too much/little rainfall, disease (pathogen), competition for resources (humans and non humans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acquiring energy and materials from the environment.
patterned, organized activities by which people invest labor and technology to transform natural resources into products that satisfty their needs and wants |
|
|
Term
| what are the three components of production? |
|
Definition
1. time and energy to do the work(labor)
2. available tools and knowledge (technology)
3. natural resources in the environment (resources) |
|
|
Term
| factors in organizing production |
|
Definition
1. divisions of labor: allocating productive work to different kinds of people
2. patterns of cooperation: inorder to harness resources efficiently
3. rights to resources: potential conflicts over access to natural resources--> conflict resolution and resource rights (ownership and use rights) |
|
|
Term
| what is one big probelm with the labor and organization of production? |
|
Definition
| free rider problem- some people are inherently lazy and will let others do the work for them because they know someone will pick up the slack |
|
|
Term
| What types of food production did people involve themselves in before industrial production? |
|
Definition
1. hunting and gathering
2. pastorlism
2. agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foraging: collecting wild plants, hunting wild game, sometimes fishing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Herding: tending of livestock herd, harvest meat, milk, blood, hides. involves trading and selling. keep surplus, you have portal packet of wealth that you can take with you--> something beyond mere subsistence |
|
|
Term
| what are the three main types of agriculture? |
|
Definition
| horticulture, intensive, industrial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subsistence agriculture- includes cultivation of domesticated crops and use of hand tools and human power i.e. slash and burn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more prodcutive, surplus produced and marked by use of animal-power and mechanical power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large-scale farming an duse of complex machinery. linked to food processing |
|
|
Term
| characteristic of foraging societies |
|
Definition
division of labor based on sex and age
high mobility (nomadic)
low population densities (50 or less)--> bands
organized around family groups
egalitarian
lack of social, politicl and economic complexity
|
|
|
Term
| division of labor in foraging society (what do men, women and children do) |
|
Definition
women collect and may hunt small things such as insects
men hunt bigger animals
child jobs depend on safety level of their work--> if predation is not a threat, kids do a lot of work, if it is-their work comes when they are older
(jobs are very dependent on location) |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of foraging |
|
Definition
1. pedestrian
2. equestrian
2.aquatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prior to about 10,000 years ago (what everyone practiced)
common pattern
highly mobile
used subsistence tools
|
|
|
Term
| examples of foraging cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horses for mobility and hunting efficiency
only in great plains of US and Argentine
societies became more warlike and heirarchical chiefdoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focus on marine resources
permanent settlements
most associated with NW Coast Indians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in areas unsuitable for agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follow a seasonal pattern of migration that is variable.live in temporary settlements |
|
|
Term
| examples of pastoral nomads |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transhumance pastoralists |
|
Definition
follow a cyclical pattern of migration between two locations
permanent settlements in both areas
depend less on animals for subsistence
can engage in trade |
|
|
Term
| examples of transhumance pastoralists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe areas where pastorlism occurs |
|
Definition
low rainfall, short growing season, inedivle grasslands
deserts, grasslands, savannas, mountains, arctic |
|
|
Term
| advantages of herding in pastoralism |
|
Definition
animals can eat marginal vegetation and transform it into human food(milk, blood, fat, and muscle)
animals provide an insurance against droughts and crop faillures and are mobile so they cna go to water and pasture |
|
|
Term
| why did humans domesticate plants and animals? |
|
Definition
increases the supple of selected species by controlling their location and numbers
supports greater numbers of people
nutritional status, health usually decline |
|
|
Term
| transistion to agriculture lead to an increase in healthy people. true or false. |
|
Definition
| false. transition to agriculture lead to downward health. domestication most likely was stubbled upon accidently. |
|
|
Term
| why change to domestication when foraging live is good? |
|
Definition
| climate change or population pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shifting cultivation or slash and burn (swidden) |
|
|
Term
| example of slash and burn agriculture culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
farm the forest in a cycle: deforest, burn, cultivate
works well with low population density
now mainly done in central, south america and southeast asia and central africa |
|
|
Term
how does the size of a horticulturalist group differ from that of a group of foragers?
|
|
Definition
| horticulturists live in larger groups called villages and are permanently settled while foragers live in bands( 50 are less people) and are nomadic |
|
|
Term
| land rights of horticulturalists? |
|
Definition
| families have more definite rights of ownership over particular pieces of land than do families in a foraging band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a system of cultivation in which plot productivity is mainted season after season
uses irrigation, crop rotation, naturla fertilizers, and plows powered by animals
technological innovations make plots more productive
|
|
|
Term
| examples of intensive agriculture |
|
Definition
| terracing, chinamps, mechanical |
|
|
Term
| consequences of intensive agriculture |
|
Definition
allowed a single farm family to produce a surplus over and above its own needs
the surplus can be traded, sold, or taxed and supports poeple who do not themselves do farm work |
|
|
Term
| what did intensive agriculture lead to |
|
Definition
rise of civilization
social stratification |
|
|
