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| burial site of many eminent Egyptians (predynastic and early) 1st step toward the great pyramids; shaft with an internal mound |
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| Desert Land. red land, associated with chaos and foreigners |
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| unified upper and lower egypt; 1st king of egypt, founder before the early dynastic period |
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| location of large pyramid built by snefru. Pyramids are aligned north-south/stellar before meidum and east-west/solar after. Too step so it collapsed |
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| capital of Ancient Egpyt during mid-new kingdom; location of the valley of the kings; Establiblished there because mountains natually look like a pyramid |
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| Player in the Battle of Kadesh=stalemate. Turning point in New Kingdom=bleeding land and realize that they can't exercise as much influence. 1070=end of new kingdom and peace treaty where he marries Hattusilis daughter of Hittites |
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| capital of the Hittite ; model of fortification. Destroyed in 1200 by sea people in the late bronze age |
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| 1st ruler of akkade, conquered Ur, Umma, Lagash, member of royal court at Kish. Famous for his conquest, founder of Old Akkadian Empire |
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| solar worship; changed his name from Amenhotep 4, builds new capital at Amarna; replaces traditional religion and said to be the first monotheist of Amun. Neglects alliance with Mittanis and leads to the fall of that empire. Revolution of the Arts and the amarna letters |
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| founder of the 18th dynasty; conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos. Re-asserted power in Nubia and Canaan. More take over in the Levant |
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| more abstact written languange, founded Ur-Nanmu; gradually absorbd neigbors, not by war to be a very large power. Built ziggurat monuments; Sumerian Reniassance= revival of sumerian language and literature |
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| stalemate/draw=treaty with Ramesses 2 and Muwatalli 2 |
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| written in Akkadian (international lanquage of diplomacy) illustration of international diplmacy. Ruled through intricate system of city-state leaders. AS long as they sent Egyptians resources from the Levant, they would be reinforced if attacked. Talks about trouble with the Hapiru (possibly hebrews) |
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| mortuary temple of Ramesses III. Located at Luxor (west bank) and best known for inscriptions depicting the advent and defeat of the sea peoples in his reign |
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| Egyptian Artifcat; instrumental in understanding of heiroglypics. Decress from Ptolmy V desribing the repealing of various taxes and intructions to erect statues in temples |
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| fertility rite developed in Early Mesopotamia. Dumuzi represented a shepard god and is associated with agri. Represented the return of fertility to agri and the herd. Ishtar is the goddess of love and war and every year there was a consemation which was believed to bring about fertility of the land. Dumuzi died and was placed in the netherworld during the summer and comes back in the spring. Re-enacted ritual to ensure fertility |
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| semitic. semi-nomadic people who lived in upper Meso and Syria. divided up into independent kingdoms across the near east. Brought Aramaic language (1900-1300) caused problems and social unrest |
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| destroys Bablyon in 1595, Hittite king. Destroyed Aleppo=strong foothold in Syria. Take over of carcamesh with the death of Mursili and empire begins to fall apart |
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| North Syria. Location of Temples of Baal and Dagan=>huge archive of texts= cananaanite religion and culture. Proto-canaanite alphabet= one sign in one sound. Texts werent written in Akkadians. |
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| culprits for destructions at the end of the Bronze Age, cause trouble and appear in the Medinet Habu |
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| argued that they were canaanites in the Levant |
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| area south of the 1st cataract |
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| treaty between hittites and egyptians after the battle of Kadesh. Realization that the egyptians had over-extended themselves |
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| order, tried to maintain it by offering temples, extending borders, subduing evil, protecting egypt, serving as priests. ALL PREMEMPITVe action |
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| Stairway to heaven, burial chambers under pyramids |
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| place of the great pyramids, west bank of the nile, near delta, middle kingdom |
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| city in the levant, formerly occupied by hittite than overtook by egypt |
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| capial of Hyksos in lower egypt by the delta |
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| dedicated to Amun, Mut, and Chons. Built during New Kingdom and the focus of the Opet Festival, linked to ideas about ka |
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| Egyptian archeology, earilest heiroglyphic inscriptions. Most likely a temple object. Dipicts unification of upper and lower egypt under king narmer. Red and white crown |
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| A hurrian group of people that stretch to the levant as far as Meggiddo in the mid-late bronze age. Aligned with Egypt and married off daughters to pharohs. Alliance slips after neglect from Akneaten and hittites defeat thems. Rise to power in wake of collapese of the old babylonian empire |
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| Middle Bronze 3 (15th dynasty) semetic people that take over egypt and have a capital at Avaris |
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| Southern Meso, perhaps cradle of civilization from eridu to babylon (early 2nd mil) First to practice agri. known for their development of writing. Area of Uruk, Ur, Kish, Akkad. Super power until fall of old babylon empire |
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| Between Thutmose 3 and hittites, he beat them through suprise and overcame geopraphy |
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| sumerian cuneiform for lord or preist, maybe the original title of the ruler of uruk |
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| erected by king Amenhotep 3; depicts victory against the libyans and the sea people. Only thing to mention isrir/israel. treaty still in effect, riddance of sea people |
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| priest appointed by Ptolemy 2 to write history of Egypt in greek. Formulated list of 30 dynasties. Structered based on major changes and emphasized certain periods of discontinuity. Used the Palecmo stone |
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| mortuary site in thebes for kings of the new kingdom. built in secret and because the mountains looked like a natural pyramid |
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| centered in the north of ancient canaan; maritime trading culture; levantine |
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| HIttie King, expands power and attacks different parts of Mittani empire. Takes caramesh and syria |
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| head god of pantheon at Ugarit in Baal temple. Sits at Canaanite Pantheon |
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| or Hebrews, mentioned in the Amarna letters as not being liked and causing trouble in the city states |
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| northern from the delta to the 1st cataract |
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| sumerian city, flourished at the beginning of the 3rd milenium. Capital during Hammurabis rule |
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| beginnig of the end of the hittite empire, still powerful and conquers cyprus but in 1200 hattusha is burned by the sea people. Begins with a civil war but sea people finish it off |
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| black land, fertile, cultivable, associated with order |
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| Unifier of upper and lower egypt according to Menetho |
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| ruler of Egypt that builds lots of pyramids like the bent pyramid and Meidum. In charge of switching from stellar to solar |
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| established old babylonian empire (1800). Ammorite and chose babylon as capital. Responsible for the code of Hammurabi which sets a legal precedent, transformed historical perspective of Meso and created 3 social classes. Defeated Mari and focused on attaking south meso and unifying meso using some of sumerian culture |
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| modern day lebonon, known for alphabet, oldest city that is still inhabited |
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| beats hitttites in battle of meggido, massive campaigns, building in Karnak |
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| constuction of huge temples in Thebes devoted to the worship of Amun |
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| pinicle of power and claims that he is god in old akkadian empire. Stele protraying him as a god is important in understanding warfare. After his reign, empire falls apart. |
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| capital city during the reign of gilgamesh, main force of urbanization during uruk period (4000-3200) east of euphrates. Imp. tempple of Eanna to Ishtar and Anu temple. Beginnig of writing in Uruk |
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| responsible for evential ends of hittite and egyptian rules into the 3rd intermediate period. No one is quite sure where they come from, but not a unified group |
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| last great New Kingdom king to weild power. Epxeriecne economic and internal difficulties. Was able to defeat some of the sea people |
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| king of uruk, epic, great |
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| semitic language, city in meso, famous rulers include sargon and narum-sin |
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| deal with diplomatic affairs of the day during early 2 mil. Best info about old Babylonian empire and Hammurabi even though he tried to destroy. Kings of mari were trying to form alliacnes with other kings in north meso but were shut down |
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| encomposing the levant during the late bronze age, numerous egyptian miltary campaigns in this area, mentioned in Amarna letters |
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| earliest known forms of written language by sumerians |
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| devoted to the Amun King centered in the temple of luxor at thebes. stress the validity of kingship by re-corinating and re-energizing the royal ka |
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| consolidation of power for the Hittites, begins exansion and destroyed Alalakh and this is sig because it is an overcoming of geography |
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| storm god associated with temple at Ugarit. In Epic decribes his fight with YAM |
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| important canaanite town mentioned in Amarna letters |
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| fertile crescent, politically neutral eastern mediterranean seaboard depends on rainfall for agri, esentially a road that connects meso and egypt |
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| south of 1st cataract. Like levant in that many rulers tried to exert power there and it was an important trade route for things from southern and central Africa to get to egypt |
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| Area of hittites, modern day turkey, exported various raw material, including silver, Indo-european language |
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