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Definition
-Control cell growth
-Inhibits cell division
-Absence allows cell division
-Examples: rb, p53, BRCA-1 |
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Definition
-Genes require two nonfunctional genes to become cancerous
-Loss of function occurs through inheritance or somatic mutation
-Mode of cancer for tumor-supressor genes
-Examples: rb, p53, BRCA-1 |
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Definition
-Normal cell devision
-On promotes cell division
-Always present and usually normally function
-Areas with more cell division are more at risk |
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Definition
-Altered proto-oncogene
-Examples: erbB, ras, src |
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Definition
| Epidermal growth factor receptor |
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Definition
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Skin Cancer
-Repair type: Excision repair |
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Definition
Familial Breast Cancer
-Repair Type: Apparent crosslinking repair function |
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Definition
| Wild type of bacterium or fungus that can grow on minimal media. |
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Definition
| Bacterium or fungus that possesses a nutritional mutation that disrupts its ability to synthesize and essential biological molecule; cannot grow on min medium but can grow on minimal medium to which has been added the biological molecule that it cannot synthesize |
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Definition
| Used to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; contains only the nutrients required by prototrophic (wild-type) cells |
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Definition
| Used to culture bacteria or some other microorganism; contains all the nutrients required for growth and synthesis, including those normally synthesized by the organism. Nutritional mutants can grow on complete medium |
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Definition
| when an exact copy of the petri dish containing the colonies is made onto a new petri dish. Cloning |
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Definition
| Donor of plasmid to F- cells. Has region of origin and has genes required to conjugate. Replicates off a single strand of DNA using the rolling circle mode of DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not have plasmids and act as recipient of F plasmid |
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Term
| High Frequency recombination (Hfr) |
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Definition
| Have the F-plasmid integrated into the chromosome see steps p289 |
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Definition
| A cell capable of taking up DNA from its environment (capable of being transformed) |
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Definition
| Process in which two or more genes are transferred together during cell transformation |
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Definition
| Life cycle of a bacteriophage in which phage genes are transcribed and translated, new phage particles are produced, and the host cell is lysed |
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Term
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Definition
| Life cycle of bacteriophage in which phage genes first integrate into the bacterial chromosome and are not immediately transcribed and translated |
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Term
| Type I Restriction Endonuclase |
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Definition
| Recognize a specific nucleotide pair sequence in DNA, then cleaves the DNA at a nonspecific site at a distance away from the sequence |
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Term
| Type 2 Restriction Endonuclease |
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Definition
| Recognize a specific nucleotide pair sequence in NA, then cleave DNA within the sequence. Valuable for constructing recombinant DNA molecules |
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Term
| Type III Restriction Endonuclease |
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Definition
| Similar to Type I in that they cut away from the recognition sequence Difference - Type III cuts are very close to the recognition sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of charged proteins/DNA/RNA through a gel based on differential migration (size also matters. Large doesn't travel far) |
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Term
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Definition
| Known sequence of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a sequence of interest and will pair pair with it; used to find specific DNA sequences |
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Definition
| Use of a biotin linker that allows attachment of fluorescent dyes after the probe attaching to the target DNA. Excited by ultraviolet light, they will fluoresce. Visualized using computer |
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Definition
| Process by which DNA is transferred from a gel to a solid support such as a nitrocellulose or nylon fiber |
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Definition
| Process by which RNA is transferred from a gel to a solid support such as a nitrocellulose or nylon fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which protein is transferred from a gel to a solid support such as a nitrocellulose or nylon fiber |
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Definition
| DNA molecule capable of replication in a host organism and into which a gene or piece of DNA can be |
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Definition
| selected to lack unwanted restriction sites, and completely lacks the genes responsible for lysogeny |
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Term
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Definition
Combine the features of both plasmids and phages:
-Have ori sequnce
-Have dominant selectable marker
-Have unique restriction sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective amplification of a chosen region of a DNA molecule. Uses DNA from taq polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Short stretch of RNA on DNA template; provides a 3' OH group for the attachment of a DNA nucleotide at the initiation of replication |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA polymerase commonly used in PCR reactions Isolated from the bacterium Thermicus aquaticus, the enzyme is stable at high temperatures, and so it is not denatured during the strand-separation step of the cycle |
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Term
| Variable number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) |
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Definition
| Short sequences repeated in tandem that vary greatly in number among individuals; also called microsattelites. Because they are quite variable, VNTRs are commonly used in DNA fingerprinting |
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Definition
| This technique utilizes 2',3'-dideoxynucleotide triphospates (ddNTPs), molecules that differ from deoxynucleotides by the having a hydrogen atom attached to the 3' carbon rather than an OH group. These molecules terminate DNA chain elongation because they cannot form a phosphodiester bond with the next deoxynucleotide. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes, activated by second messengers, resulting in a signal transduction pathway. |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that a cancer arises in an individual heterozygous for a mutant gene for a dominantly inherited form of cancer only if an additional mutation occurs in a somatic cell; for example, in the normal allele at the same locus, as in human retinoblastoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Techinical term for a restriction enzyme, which recognizes particular base sequences in DNA and makes double-stranded cuts nearby; also called restriction endonuclease |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme recognizes particular base sequences in DNA and makes double-stranded cuts nearby; also called restriction endonuclease |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to create Expression library. Has Exons, Upstream and downstream noncoding regions and a poly-A tail. Does not have Interons, Upstream or downstream regulatory regions and termination haripin |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of bacterial or phage colonies containing DNA fragments that consist of the entire genome of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Create cDNAs to determine which genes are actively transcribing. Uses enzyme RNA dependent DNA Polymerase (reverse transciptase) |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of bacterial colonies or phage colonies containing NA fragments that have been produced by reverse transcription of cellular mRNA |
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Term
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) |
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Definition
| Single-base-pair differences in DNA sequence between individual members of a species |
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Definition
| Painting a karyotype allows the researcher to see if genes have been translocated. Easy way to identify homologous translocations |
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Definition
| Ordered array of DNA fragments fixed to a solid support, which serve as probes to detect the presence of complementary sequences; often used to assess the expression of genes in various tissues and under different conditions |
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Term
| Fluorescent in situ Hybridization - FISH |
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Definition
| procedure for probing DNA in a cell or part of karyotype analysis. Helps detect sequences in cells or regions of chromosomes in karyotypes. |
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Term
| Expressed-sequence Tag (EST) |
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Definition
| Unique fragment of DNA from the coding region of a gene, produced by the reverse transcription of cellular RNA. Parts of the fragments are sequenced so that they can be identified. |
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Term
| Green Fluorescent Protein |
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Definition
| Naturally occurring protein (in jellyfish, fireflies etc) that fluoresces. Used to study expression to construct a reporter gene |
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Definition
| Making decisions for yourself |
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Term
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Definition
| Do good and avoid harmful acts (maximize the good) |
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Definition
| Minimize the bad, avoid doing harm |
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Term
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Definition
| "doing the right thing" treating everyone fairly and as they deserve to be treated |
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Definition
| Not telling a lie or misleading others |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeping promises or contracts (employment agreements, professional standards, social contracts, religion, justice etc) |
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