Term
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Definition
| 5C Sugar in RNA, Hydroxyl group on 2' carbon |
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Definition
| A phosphorous atom attached to 4 oxygen atoms; one of the three components of a nucleotide |
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Definition
| Nitrogen-containing base that is one of the 3 parts of a nucleotide. 2 forms purines and pyrmidines |
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Definition
| Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA Adenine and Guanine 2 ring structure |
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Definition
| Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA Cytosine and Thymine 1 ring structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Origin of Replication, transcription, and translation in circular DNA (ex. Mitochondrial DNA) |
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Definition
| Origin of Heavy strand in circular DNA (ex. Mitochondrial DNA) |
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Definition
| Origin of Light strand in circular DNA (ex. Mitochondrial DNA) |
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Term
| DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase |
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Definition
| Enzyme that uses a DNA template to crate another DNA strand |
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Term
| DNA Dependent RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Enzyme that uses a DNA template to crate an RNA strand |
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Term
| RNA dependent RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Enzyme that uses a RNA template to crate another RNA strand |
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Definition
| Initiates the primer in DNA replication |
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Definition
| RNA that preps for okazaki fragment on lagging strand |
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Definition
| Ability of DNA polymerases to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides in the course of replication |
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Term
| Error Checking (correcting) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Promoter region upstream of DNA. located 10 bp before the start of transcription |
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Definition
| Promotor region upstream of DNA 35bp upstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Subunit of RNA Polymerase that detaches after transcription has initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence to shich the transcription apparatus binds so as to initiate transcription; indicates direction of transcription, which of the two DNA strans is to be read as template, and starting point of transcription |
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Definition
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Definition
| Set of structural genes in a bacterial cell along with a common promopter and other sequences that control transcription of structural genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a single RNA molecule, along iwth the sequences necessary for its transcription; normally contains promotor, and RNA-coding sequence and terminator |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequences that sigal transcription or are used in physical attachment of RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Upstream Consensus Sequence for Eukaryotic promotor |
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Term
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Definition
| Upstream Consensus Sequence for Eukaryotic promotor |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes or RNAs that bind to DNA acting as signals for initiation of transcrption. Transcribed from other genes elsewhere in genome |
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Term
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Definition
| Intervening sequence in a split gene; removed from the RNA after transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Coding Region of a split gene (gene interrupted by interons) After processing, the exons remain in messenger RNA |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| DNA Unwinding proteins to separate strands |
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Definition
| Error Correcting Enzyme in replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Unknown function enzyme in Replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar component for DNA. Hydrogen on 2' carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| Main Replication enzyme, synthesizes DNA |
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Definition
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Definition
| 5' to 3' on new strand which is into opening replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| 5' to 3' on the new strand, occurs in discontinuous fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| The term to describe replication in 5' to 3' direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Discontinuous fragments on the lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. DNA Gyrase - relieves supercoil tension in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of topoisomerase that releases supercoil tension on DNA by cutting and repairing DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA template during transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes 28S, 18S, 5.8S RNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes mRNA, snoRNA and most snRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes tRNA, some snRNA, and 5S RNA |
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Definition
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Definition
| Attaches backbones of separate fragments to unify the strand of DNA |
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Definition
| Subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that facilitates termination of transcription of some genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of bacterial DnA that does not require teh presence of the rho subunit of RNA polymerase to terminate transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of nucleotides that reads the same on complementary strands; inverted repeats |
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Term
| Single Stranded Binding Proteins SSBP |
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Definition
| Keeps strands separated. binds to single stranded DNA to prevent base pairing |
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Term
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Definition
-RNA copy of the DNA info for protein-coding gene
-Processing involves a branch point |
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Term
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Definition
-Used in translation, charged with amino acid and brings aa to ribosome during protein building
-Processing of this RNA uses methylation to identify various genes
-CCA is added to 3' end in eukaryotes during processing |
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Term
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Definition
-RnA found in ribosome
-Have control function, helping translate the nRNA |
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Term
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Definition
-Found only in eukaryotes in the nucleus
-Used in interon splicing for mRNA and polyadenylation |
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Term
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Definition
-Used to reduce the rate of translation
-Turn off expression of genes
-Can be found inside interons of other genes |
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Definition
-Used to degrade mRNA inhibiting translation
-Defend against viral attacks
-External |
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Definition
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Definition
Used in processing of rRNA
Modifying normal nucleotides and splicing
found in telomerases
-Helps put together rRNPs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Internal control regions ICR |
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Definition
| Promoters within the interons in the genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence that describes the nucleotides most often present in a segment of interest |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Protein core of a nucleosome that allows for DNA packaging |
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Term
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Definition
| defines the packing of DNA as a 30nm fiber of chromatin and results from the helical winding of at least five nucleosome strands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Width of Nucleosome structure (DNA/protein complex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Width of solenoid supercoil |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Structure of nucleosomes and solenoids where DNA is wrapped to reduce area |
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Term
| Facultative Heterochromatin |
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Definition
| Portions of the genome that are made heterochromatic for regulatory or developmental resions |
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Term
| Consitutive Heterochromatin |
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Definition
| Portions of the genome that are always found in heterochromatin (Always inactive, no genes) Centromeres, Telomeres |
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Term
| Highly Repetitive Sequences |
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Definition
| Example: Satellites found in centromeric regions. Probably to form centromere |
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Term
| Moderately Repetitive Sequences |
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Definition
| Sequences found in tandem or interspersed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that require many copies because they are used as RNAs. (mostly rRNAs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Moderately Repetitive Sequences Examples: multiple Copy, Mini-Satellites, Micro-satellites |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller sequences than Mini-satellites, repeated in tandem in genome |
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Term
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Definition
| Short sequences with tandem repetitions. Become basis of VNTR |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences found throughout the genome (SINES and LINES) |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of transposable element in eukaryotic cells that possesses some characteristics of retroviruses and transposes through an RNA intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of less than 500 bp and repeated 100's to 1000's of times throughout genome. Example: Alu |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of several thousand nucleotide and copied throughout genome up to 100,000 times. Some contain genes responsible for transposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example of a SINE, found throughout genome |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for Transposition. Example of a LINE |
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Term
| Matrix attachment regions |
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Definition
| Short sequences where protein scaffolding in the nucleus attaches to DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of genome that physically move themselves from one part of the genome to another part in a way that guarantees no loss of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes a copy of itself and the copy is integrated into the recipient DNA |
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Term
| Nonreplicative Transposon |
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Definition
| SEgment of DNA that physically moves itself from one part of genome to other part of genome. Donor DNA must undergo repair. Found mostly in viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| Related genes located near each other on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Regoins of DNA that look like they should be gens, but are not. Never produce functional end product. Do not have promoters |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that replicates telomeres. Contains a small RNA used for template. Telomerase activity drops as cell ages |
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Term
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Definition
Theory that mitochondira evolved from prokaryotic infection of a proto-eukaryotic cell during evolutionary development of dukaryotes
Evidence: Circular DNA, Mitochondria has not nucleus, Prokaryotic antibiotics affect organelle chromosomes (more see p184) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that all mitochondrial inheritance lines converge to one female. |
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Term
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Definition
Addition of a poly A tail after the completion of transcription.
-Protects mRNA
-Helps in translating message |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in nuclear Transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Large complex consisting of several RNAs and many proteins that splices protein-encoding pre-mRNA; contains 5 small ribonucleoprotein particles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
First step in mRNA processing. Added to pre-mRNA during transcription.
-Provides stability to mRNA
-Initiates translation
-Helps transport mRNA to the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to initiation of translation |
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Term
| Poly-A Binding Protein PABP |
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Definition
| Help initiate translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprises the most commonly encountered nucleotides found at a specific location in DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine nucleotide in nuclear pre-mRNA interons that lies from 18 to 40 nucleotides upstream of 3'splice site |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Deamination of C into U in liver. Changes C bp into U |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes A bp into I (which pairs with G, U, C) |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA-Induced Silencing complex RISC |
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Definition
| Stimulates cell to cleave RNA, or binds to mRNA interfereing with ribosomal attachment |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Looked at what would happen when dead and live colonies of bacteria were mixed
-Named unknown process transformation |
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Term
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Definition
Took to eliminate each component of bacteria one at a time. If nonvirulent strain transformed, components removed do not cause it
-DNA is cause of transformation and virulence is inherited |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious part of bacteriophages?
-Radioactively label viral proteins and DNA
-DNA is infectious part of Bacteriophages |
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Term
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Definition
What is base composition of DNA? Patterns?
-Base composition measurements in different organisms
-Made rules for relations of base pairs |
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Term
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Definition
What can be said about the crystalline structure of DNA?
-Used X-ray beams
-Structure is helical with more than 1 helix |
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Term
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Definition
Structure of DNA?
-Compiled other's results: Chargraff and Franklin
-Right Handed double helix, antiparallel chains, Base pairs stacked perpendiular to DNA, A with T, C with G, 10 bp per turn |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of four bases attached to ribose sugar. Used to store chemical energy of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Base, ribose, and phosphate all together. |
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Definition
| Discovered Conservative Transposons in corn kernel color |
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Definition
What is mode of replication of DNA?
-Used heavy and light nitrogen to determine weights of new DNA molecule
-DNA is semiconservative |
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