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| codes are adopted and enforced by local governments, either by a municipality or, in the case of sparsely populated areas, a county or district. |
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| a building code is enforced through the permit process, which requires that builders submit plans and specifications for checking and approval before a building permit is issued. |
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| the department responsible for enforcement conducts inspections to verify that building is proceeding according to the approved plans. The design professional is ultimately responsible for making sure that the design meets all applicable codes. |
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| is one that has been written by a group of experts knowledgeable in the field, without reference to any particular geographical area. Adopting a model code allows a city, county, district, or province to have a complete, workable building code without the difficulty and expense of writing its own. If certain provisions need to be added or changed to suit the particular requirements of a municipality, the model code is enacted w/ modifications. |
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| Uniform Building Code (UBC), used in the western and central portions of the U.S., Standard Building Codes (SBC) used in much of the southeastern U.S., and a few states have their own codes. |
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| 3 Model Codes groups worked together to form... |
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| International Code Council (ICC), and published the first International Building Code (IBC), also publishes and International Plumbing Code, International Residential Code, and International Mechanical Code. |
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| govern other aspects of construction |
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| American Society for Testing and Materials |
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| National Fire Protection Association |
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| American National Standards Institute |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act, includes requirements for making buildings accesible to people with disabilities, the ADA is not a code or standard, but is civil rights legislation. Designers must adhere to its provisions when designing the facilites covered by the law. |
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| Consumer Product Safety Commission |
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| Local State regulations... |
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| may also include requirements of agencies that govern hospitals, prisions, nursing homes, restaurants, schools, and similar institutions as well as rules of local fire departments. |
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| all approved materials and construction assemblies referred to in building codes are required to be tested by approved agencies according to standarized testing procedures. |
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| any approved testing laboratory can perform tests on building materials as long as they follow standardized procedures. |
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| Underwriters Laboratories, develops standards and tests products for safety. Several types of UL labels, and each means something different. When a complete and total product is successfully tested, it is listed. |
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| samples of the product were tested for certain types of uses only, the product must also carry a statement specifying the conditions that were tested for. This allows field inspectors and others to determine if the product is being used correctly. |
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| Fire tests of Door Assemblies |
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| Fire tests for Building Construction and Materials |
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| used to test partitions, floor assemblies, column covers, and similar construction assemblies. Involves building a sample of the wall or floor/ceiling assembly in the laboratory and setting a standard fire on one side of it. |
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| Materials fire testing for interior design components can be broadly classified into two groups: |
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| tests that rate the ability of a construction assembly to prevent the passage of fire and smoke from one space to another, and tests that rate the degree of flammability of a finish material. |
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| Standard methods of fire tests of door assemblies. |
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| Flammability tests for... |
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| If a material is flammable and, if so, if it simply burns with applied heat or if it supports combustion (adds fuel to the fire), 2-the degree to flammability (how fast fire spreads across it), 3-how much smoke and toxic gas it produces when ignited. |
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| Standard test methods for surface burning characteristics of building materials, is one of the most common fire testing standards. It is also known as the Steiner Tunnel Test, and rates the surface burning materials by testing a sample piece in a tunnel test chamber that has a controlled flame at one end. Primary result is a material's flame at one rating compared to cement-asbestos board (with a rating of zero) and red oak flooring (with a arbitrary rating of 100). |
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| tests a sample of carpet in the normal horizontal position and measures the flame spread in a corridor or exitway that is under the flame spread in a corridor or exitway that is under the influence of a fully developed fire in an adjacent space. Resulting test numbers are measured in watts per square centimeter, the higher the number, the more resistant to material is to flame propagation. |
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| finishes are typically required in corridors and exitways of hospitals, nursing homes, and detention facilities. |
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| flooring is typically required in corridors and exitways of other occupancies, except one-and-two family dwellings. The IBC allows Class II materials in sprinklered building where Class I materials may otherwise be required. |
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| test for carpet flammability, methenamine pill test, required for all carpet sold in the US. A test sample of the carpet is placed in a draft-protected cube and held in place with a metal plate with an 8" diameter hole. A timed methenamine pill is placed in the center and lighted. If a sample burns within one inch of the metal plate, it fails the test. |
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| measures the smoke developed from both flaming and nonflaming (smoldering) solid materials. The result is a measure of optical density on a scale of 0 to 800. Many codes require a smoke developed rating of 450 or less for finish materials. |
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| sometimes reqired in addition to or instead of an ASTM E 84 rating for interior finishes. This test determines the contribution of interior wall and ceiling coverings to room fire growth. |
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| Groups and their flame spread indexes: |
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Definition
Class (A)I - 0-25
Class (B)II - 26-75
Class (C)III - 76-200
Class A is the most flame resistant |
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| rating given is according to time, that is the amount of time an assembly can resist a standard test fire without failing. The ratings are one-hour, two-hour, and three-hour, and four-hour - Walls. Doors and other opening assemblies, are given 20, 30, 45 minutes ratings. |
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| refers to the type of use of the building or interior space, such as an office, a resaurant, a private residence, or a school. |
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| Ten major occupancy groups: |
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A-Assembly, B-Business, E-Educational, F-Factory and Industrial, H-Hazardous, I-Institutional, M-Mercantile, R-Residential, S-Storage, U-Utility
Some of these classifications are divided into categories called divisions to distinguish subgroups that define the relative hazard level of the occupancy. |
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| Building Codes specify requirements for two broad classifications of fire resistance: |
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Definition
| surface burning characteristics of finish materials and resistance of construction materials and assemblies. |
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| Materials tested and rated according to surface buring characteristics include: |
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| finishes such as, wainscoting, paneling, heavy wallcovering, or other finish applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation, or similar purposes. In most cases the restrictions do not apply to trim, such as chair rails, baseboards, and handrails, not to doors, window, or their frames, nor to materials that are less than 1/28" thick cemented to the surface of the walls or ceilings. |
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| may consist of a layer of 5/8" Type X gypsumboard attached to both sides of a wood or metal stud according to certain conditions. |
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| us used to describe any fire alarm or fire-extinguishing device or system that is designed and installed to detect, control, or extinguish a fire, to alert the occupants or the fire despartment that a fire has occurred; or any combination of theses. |
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| When a building contains tow or more occupancies... |
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| it is considered mixed occupancy. Each occupancy must be separated from other occupancies with a fire-resistive separation with an hourly rating defined by the particular code that applies. |
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| Every building is classified into one of five major types of construction bases on the fire-resistance of certain building components... |
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| Under IBC are, structural frame, interior and exterior bearing walls, and floor and roof construction. Under UBC, components also include shaft enclosures, permanent partitions, and exterior doors and windows. |
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| 5 types of construction... |
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| Type I - Type V, Type I buildings are the most fire resistive, while Type V are the least fire-resitive. The structural frame of a Type I building must have a three-hour rating, while the frame in a Type II building must only have a one-hour rating. |
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| In combination with occupancy groups |
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| building type limits the area and height of buildings. For example, Type I buildings of any occupancy (except certain hazardous occupancies) can be of unlimited area and height, while Type V buildings are limited to only a few thousand square feet in area and one or two stories in height, depending on their occupancy. |
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| occupancies are classified as light-medium, or high hazard. Developed standards that are followed by most building departments for the design of sprinkler systems. |
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| the use of glass is regulated in hazardous locations such as doorways, shower doors, glass adjacent to doors, and any place where people are likely to accidentally fall through a piece of glass. |
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| material that will ignite and burn, either as a flame or glow, and that undergoes this process in air at pressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building. |
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| an assembly of a fire door, fire window, or fire damper, including all required anchorage frames, sills, and hardware. |
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| new term in the 2000 IBC that means a fire-resistance-rated vertical or horizontal assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected. |
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| a new term in the 2000 IBC that means a fire-resistive component used to separate dwelling units in R-2 construction, to separate tenant spaces in covered mall buildings, and for corridor walls. Fire partitions generally are required to be a minimum one hour construction except in certain circumstances. They are similar to fire barriers, but the requirements for support are not as strict. |
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| the period of time an opening assembly, such as a door or window, maintains the ability to confine a fire or maintain its integrity, or both, when tested in accordance with NFPA 252, UL 10B, UL 10C for doors, and NFPA 257 for windows. |
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| the property of a material or assembly to withstand or resist the spread of fire or give protection from it. |
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| Should only be used as a modifier with defined compound terns such as fire-retardant treated woods. |
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| capable of burning with a flame and subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion. |
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