Term
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Definition
| The basic shape and configuration of an object or shape |
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Term
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Definition
| An object whose actual or visual length greatly exceeds any actual width or depth it may have |
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Term
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Definition
| A form with two dominant dimensions, length and width |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the true three-dimensional aspect of interior design, having length, width and depth |
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Term
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Definition
| The unique characteristics of an object of space that defines it as distinct from adjacent objects or spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower the apparent height |
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Term
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Definition
| Make a space appear higher than it is |
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Term
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Definition
| Can create an imbalance in a space |
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Term
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Definition
| The relative size of something as related to another element of known size |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic color, the "redness" |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of lightness or darkness of a color when compared with white and black |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of purity when compared with a netural gray of the same value |
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Term
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Definition
| When white is added to a hue |
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Term
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Definition
| When black is added to a hue |
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Term
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Definition
| When a gray of the same value or a hue's complement is added to a hue |
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Term
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Definition
| Color scheme that uses a single hue with variations only in intensity and value |
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Term
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Definition
| Color scheme that uses hues that are close to each other on the color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
| Color scheme that uses colors that are opposite on the color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
| Color scheme that uses colors that are equally spaced around the color wheel, such as yellow-orange, blue-green and red-violet |
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Term
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Definition
| Color scheme that uses four colors equally spaced around the color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface quality of a material |
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Term
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Definition
| The repetition of a decorative motif on a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement of elements in a composition to achieve visual equilibrium |
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Term
| Symmetrical Balance (aka bisymmetrical, bilateral or axial symmetry) |
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Definition
| Consists of identical elements arranged equally about a common axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of nonsimilar elements arranged in a composition where visual weight is equal about a common axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of elements arranged uniformly around a central point |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreement of parts to each other and to the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| The repetition of elements in a regular pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Differentiation between dominant and subordinant elements |
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Term
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Definition
| When two elements have different characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between one part of an object or composition and another part and to the whole, or between one element and another |
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Term
| Golden Ratio/Golden Section |
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Definition
| A proportioning system derrived from the Greek letter phi, found in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| A proportioning system developed by Le Corbusier using the human body as a starting point |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurement of size and proportions of the human body |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the relations between physiology and the physical envrionment, or how humans interact with physical objects |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (gas or liquid), when the air temperature surrounding a person in less than the body's skin temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of heat when moisture changes to vapor as a person perspires or breathes |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from one surface to a cooler surface |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary determinant of comfort |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature without condensing |
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Term
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Definition
| Tends to increase evaporation and heat loss through convection |
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Term
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Definition
| Weighted average of the various surfae temperatures in the room, the angle of exposure of the occupant to these surfaces and any sunlight present |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides oxygen and removes carbo dioxide, removes odors and carries away contaminants |
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Term
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Definition
| Particular place with definable boundaries and objects in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamental aspect of human behavior and refers to the need ot lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own |
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Term
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Definition
| From contact to 18", only comfortable under special conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| From 1 1/2' to 4', is the smallest comfortable distance |
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Term
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Definition
| From 4' to 12', is the distance at which most impersonal business, work and otehr interaction takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| From 12' outward, is the greatest distance and the most formal |
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Term
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Definition
| How the theory of personal space is applied to the use of space |
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Term
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Definition
| One way territoriality manifests itself, modifying or decorating one's own space |
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Term
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Definition
| Seating arrangement where two people sit at a corner, 90 degrees from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Seating arrangement where two people sit across from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Seating postition where contact is not desired, where people sit at opposite corners |
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Term
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Definition
| A performance requirement about how a problem can be solved or a need satisfied |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific physical response about how a programmatic concept can be achieved |
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Term
| Form, Function, Economy, Time |
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Definition
| Four major considerations during programming |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurement of actual functional spaces required by the client |
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Term
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Definition
| Net area and ancillary spaces (circulation, closets, electrical and telephone rooms, wall and structural thickness) combined |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicates efficiency of the space |
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Term
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Definition
| Square footage that is used as a basis for leasing, usable space and columns, measured to the centerlines of demising walls, to the face of the exterior glass, to the inside tenant side of the public corridor |
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Term
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Definition
| Organization concept that consists fo a series of spaces placed in a single line |
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Term
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Definition
| Organization concept with two or more major linear segments about which spaces are placed |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizational concept with two sets of spaced elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizational concept where secondary elements are placed around a single space or point |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulation pattern where spaces are laid out along a straight path that connects two major elements at the ends |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulation pattern where the path of travel forms a complete loop, provides an efficient double-loaded corridor and connects exits |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulation pattern where extend from one major, central area |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of estimating where cost is multiplied by square footage, based on designer's or client's experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of estimating where quantities and types of construction or finishes are estimated and multiplied by unit costs |
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Term
| Detailed Quantity Takeoffs |
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Definition
| Method of estimating where exact quantities of specified products are multiplied by unit cost |
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Term
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Definition
| A millwork item of fixed length such as a door or window casing that can be installed with a single length of wood |
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Term
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Definition
| A millwork item of continuing length such as a baseboard, chair-rail or cornice |
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Term
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Definition
| A finish carpentry trim piece that comes in standard profiles and sizes and can be ordered by number |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of traditional paneling that consists of vertical pieces and horizontal pieces enclosing a paneled area |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes bidding requirements, contract (owner-contractor agreement, bond forms, etc), general and supplementary conditions and technical specifications |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes invitation to bid, prequalification forms, instructions to bidders, information available to bidders and bid forms |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes bid security form, subcontractor list and substitution list |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes owner-contractor agreement, performance bond, labor and materials bond and certificates of insurance |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard general conditions form |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of specification that lists brand names, "closed" |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of specification that describes the results the final construction assembly needs to achieve, "open" |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of prescriptive specification that calls out a specific manufacturer's product |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of prescriptive specification that calls out a proprietary material or product but allows the contractor to substitute other products, "approved equal" is the preferred language |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of performance specification that gives detailed written requirements for the material or product and the workmanship required |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of performance specification that describes a material, product or process based on requirements set by an accepted authority or test method |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of specification that states criteria and results required of the item being specified, not the ways to achieve the results |
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Term
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Definition
| Prewritten specifications that cover nearly all types of products, methods of installation and other variables that relate to a product or construction activity, designer modifies them for the specific project |
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Term
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Definition
| Specifications system developed by the Construction Specifications Institute |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of a specification that contains general requirements for the section, including scope, submittals, warranty, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of a specification that details the specifications of the products and materials themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of a specification that tells for the product is to be installed, applied or otherwise put into place |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor for Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment |
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Term
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Definition
| Abbreviated Form of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor for Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment Where the Basis of Payment is a Stipulated Sum |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage in the progress of the work when the owner can occupy or utilize the site though a few minor items may remian to be completed or corrected |
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Term
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Definition
| Money paid by the contractor to the owner for every day the project is late |
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Term
| Ratainage (Holdback - Canada) |
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Definition
| Precentage (usually 10%) that is withheld until final completion of the work as a protection of the owner against incomplete or defective work on the part of the contractor |
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Term
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Definition
| General Conditions of the Contract for Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment |
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Term
| Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) |
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Definition
| Provides consistent rules for commerce in the United States, covers the buying and selling of goods that are defined as tangible and movable items |
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Term
| Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) |
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Definition
| Regulates the delivery of goods |
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Term
| FOB (free on board) Factory |
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Definition
| Way that furniture is shipped where the title is transferred at the factory and the buyer/contractor pays the transportation costs and the manufacturer is not responsible for damage during shipping |
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Term
| FOB (free on board) Destination |
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Definition
| Way that furniture is shipped where the seller is responsible for shipping and recovering any damage or loss during shipment |
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Term
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Definition
| Modifies the General Conditions of the Contract |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of owner-contractor agreement where the owner selects a contractor to price the job |
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Term
| Bid Contract (Tendered Contract - Canada) |
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Definition
| Type of owner-contractor agreement where the drawings and specifications are sent to several contractors to bid, with one selected by the owner |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard Form for Instructions to Bidders |
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Term
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Definition
| A request included in the bidding documents asking the contractor to supply a price for a variation from the base bid |
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Term
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Definition
| Set costs for certain portions of the work based on individual quantities such as linear feet or square yards of installed material |
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Term
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Definition
| A written or graphic document issued by the interior designer before the execution of the contract that modifies or interprets the bidding documents |
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Term
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Definition
| Bid security that ensures the successful bidder will enter into a contract with the owner |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement by a surety company that obligates the surety company to complete construction of the project should the contractor default |
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Term
| Labor and Material Payment Bond |
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Definition
| Protects the owner against liens against the property or litigation by subcontractors and material suppliers should the contractor default |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of furniture purchased from a selection of standard products of a particular manufacturer |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of furniture designed by the interior designer |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of furniture that is custom designed, but becomes a part of the architectural construction of the project |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of natural fiber that is expensive with excellent resilience, excellent elasticity, self-extinguishing and good for all types of fabric and carpet |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of natural fiber that is relatively inexpensive, has good tensile strength and moderately good abrasion resistance, has poor resilience and recovery, degrades in sunlight, burns easily and is subject to mildew |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of natural fiber that lacks resilience and flexibility, does not take dye well, but is dimensionsally stable and resistant to fading making it usable for draperies and wall coverigs |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of natural fiber that is very strong, has good resilience and flexibility, known for its finish and luster, but degrades in sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of synthetic fiber that has poor resistance to sunlight and poor resilience, is flammable and seldom used for upholstery |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of synthetic fiber that is low in cost, is flammable and does not wear well |
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Term
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Definition
| A variation of a synthetic fiber that has improved aging, flammability and resistance to sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the most popular synthetic fibers, is exceptionally strong with high resiliency and elasticity, resistant to chemicals, water and microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of synthetic fiber that is often used as a replacememnt for wool, has moderately good strength and resilience and is very resistant to sunlight but can be flammable if untreated |
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Term
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Definition
| A variation of a synthetic fiber with improved resistance to heat and flame |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of synthetic fiber that is inexpensive, highly resistant to chemicals, mildew and microorganisms, highly resilient and nonabsorbant, low resistance to sunlight, heat and flame, useful for carpet and carpet backing but not ideal for upholstery |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of synthetic fiber with good resilience and elasticity, high resistance to chemicals and sunlight, has to be treated for flame resistance, absorbs oily materials |
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Term
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Definition
| A fabric's ability to retain its shape and fit over cushioning without sagging, wrinkling, stretching or tearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures how much support a cushion provides, the mass per volume expressed in pounds per cubic foot |
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Term
| Indentation Load Deflection (ILD) or Indentation Force Deflection (IFD) |
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Definition
| Measures a cushion's firmness by measuring the force required to compress a cushion to 25% of its height |
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Term
| Support Ratio or Support Factor or Compression Modulus |
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Definition
| Measures a cushion's ability to support weight, compares the force required to compress a cushion to 65% of its original height to the amount of force required to compress a cushion to 25% of its original height |
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Term
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Definition
| Material remaining after incomplete combustion |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it |
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of burining with a flame and subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to withstand flame impingement or give protection from it |
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Term
| Flame-retardant or Fire-retardant |
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Definition
| An adjective only to be used as a modifier |
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Term
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Definition
| Combustion without flame that may burn for a relatively long time while generating smoke, toxic gases and heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Tests the color loss of fabric by exposing it to ultraviolet light at specific humidity levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of lock that is simple to install in holes drilled in the door and is relatively inexpensive |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of lock that is installed in a rectangular area cut out of the door, secure and offers a variety of locking options |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of lock that has its mechanism in a rectangular box that fits within a notch cut into the side of a door, easy to install |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common type of wood flooring, consists of thin strips from 3/8" to 25/32" thick and 2 1/4" wide of varying lengths with tongue and groove edges |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of wood flooring that consists of strips from 3/8" to 25/32" thick and 3 1/4" to 8" wide of varying lengths with tongue and groove edges |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of wood flooring made from preassambled wood blocking |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of block flooring where standard strip flooring is assembled into units held together with steel of wood splines |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of block flooring made from three to five plies of cross-laminated wood veneer |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of block flooring made of several small, thin slates of wood in a variety of patterns, is easier and less expensive to install that other types of flooring |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of wood flooring made from solid pieces of wood laid on end, very durable and resistant to oils, midle chemicals and indentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Igneous rock with visible grains, available in polished, honed, fine-rubbed, rubbed and thermal (flamed) finish |
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Term
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Definition
| Metemorphic rock formed by layers of shells which forms into a composition of crystalline grains of calcite and/or dolmite, availabel in polished, honed, abrasive and wet-sand finish |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of limestone that is available filled or unfilled, usually polished |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of metamorphic rock that is easy to split into thin slabs, available in natural cleft, sand-rubbed or honed finish |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of sedimentary rock made of sand and other substances, can be used with irregular edges or can be cut into rectangular or square shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural material, durable and resilient, wears well, superior appearance, flame resistant, easy to clean and maintain, one of the most expensive fibers, and is excellent for carpet |
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Term
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Definition
| Excellent carpet material that is very strong and wear resistant, has high stain resistance and excellent crush resistance, can be dyed a variety of colors, cleans easily, is the most widely used fiber for carpet |
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Term
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Definition
| Carpet fiber with moderate resistance, with wool-like appearance, can be dyed a variety of colors and has good crush resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Carpet fiber with high abrasion resistance, ngood crush resistance, cleans well, is mildew resistant, is low in cost and is often blended with nylon |
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Term
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Definition
| Carpet fiber that is used primarily for indoor/outdoor carpeting and as an alternative for jute in carpet backing, least attractive carpet fiber with a low melting point |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of woven carpet produced on a Jacquard loom that allows complex patterns and several types of surface textures, heavier and more expensive than other woven types |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of woven carpet that is the simplest form of woven carpet with all the pile yarn on the face of the carpet, usually solid colors and comes in a variety of surface textures |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of woven carpet that is made on a modified Jacquard loom tha delivers different colors of yarn at different times, has an even cut-pile surface with a heavily ribbed backing, can be produced in a range of colors aned patterns, most of the is placed on the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which the pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which the fiber is pulled through a backing with barbed needles |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which yarn is embedded into a backing of liquid vinyl |
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Term
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Definition
| The measurement of the amount of yarn in a given area of a woven carpet, expressed as the number of ends of yarn in a 27" width |
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Term
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Definition
| The measurement of the amount of yarn in a given area of a tufted carpet, expressed in the spacing between needles accross the width of the carpet |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of lengthwise tufts in one inch of carpet |
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Term
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Definition
| The height of the fiber from the surface of the backing to the top of the pile |
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Term
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Definition
| The intensity of light, or brightness, the light that is reflected from a surface in a given direction, measured in candelas per square foot |
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Term
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Definition
| The light emitted in all directions by a source, measured in lumens |
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Term
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Definition
| The density of a light on a surface, measured in footcandles |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of light emitted by a single wax candle, unit is the candela |
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Term
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Definition
| The light emitted in a specific direction by a source, is the flux per solid angle in a given direction, measured in candelas |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement for brightness, no longer used |
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Term
| Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) |
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Definition
| Used to evaluate glare, gives the percentage of people who will find a given situation comfortable in terms of glare |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflected glare that interferes with a viewing task |
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Term
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Definition
| The measurement of efficieny of a light source |
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Term
| Coefficient of Utilization (CU) |
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Definition
| Represents how efficiently the luminaire distributes the light from the lamps, published by manufacturers |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of solid stock lumber cutting that makes the most effeicient use of the log and is the least expensive, yields a surface with a cathedral pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of solid stock lumber cutting that is produced by cutting a log into quarters and then sawings perpendicular to a diameter line, yields a more uniformly vertical grain pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of solid stock lumber cutting that is produced by cutting the log radially to the center, yields a very consistent vertical grain, but is very expensive and wasteful, so it isn't used very often |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of veneer cut that is procuded by mounting the log on a lathe and turning it against a knife, yields a very pronounced grain pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of veneer cut that is produced by cutting a log straight through, yields a cathedral pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of veneer cut produced by cutting a log into quarters and then slicing perpendicular to a diameter line, yields a more uniformly vertical grain |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of veneer cut that is produced by cutting a log in half and slicing the log slightly across the annual growth rings, yields a pronounced grain showing characteristics of both rotary and plain sliced veneers |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of veneer cut that is produced by cutting a log into quarters and cutting at a 15 degree angle to the growth rings, yields a straight grain pattern and is commonly used with oak |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual veneers that come from the same piece of log |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the frequency of sound, which is the number of cycles completed per second |
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Term
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Definition
| Relates actual sound intensity to the way humans experience sound, measures the loudness of sound |
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Term
| Sound Transmission Class (STC) |
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Definition
| A single-number rating system that indicates the rate of transmission loss of construction |
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Term
| Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) |
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Definition
| A single-number measurement of how well a product absorbs sound, is an average at the frequencies of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz |
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Term
| Coefficient of Absorption (a) |
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Definition
| The ratio of sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material |
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Term
| Impact Insulation Class (ICC) |
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Definition
| A single-number rating system that quantifies impact noise |
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Term
| Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) |
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Definition
| A single-number measure of the transmission loss through ceiling tiles between two closed rooms where there is no wall or other barrier above the suspended ceiling |
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Term
| Speech Range Absorption (SRA) |
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Definition
| A single-number rating system that averages sound absorption at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-number summation of how effective a ceiling is in absorbing sound reaching it from over low partitions |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the performance of all the elements of a particular configuration, better method of rating speech privacy |
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Term
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Definition
| A view of object as seen as though your line of site is simultaneoulsy perpendicular to every point on the face of the object, includes floor plans, elevations and sections |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of axonometric drawing where the object is tilted in relationship to the picture plane, with all three axes at the same scale and can be measured at any convenient scale |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of drawing that can be based form an existing floor plan but can look distorted |
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Term
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Definition
| The most realistic drawing type, based on the principle of convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| An assembly of a fire door, fire window or fire damper, including all required anchorage, frames, sills and hardware |
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Term
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Definition
| A fire-resistance-rated vertical or horizontal assmebly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected |
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Definition
| A fire-resistive component used to seperate dwelling units or guest rooms, to seperate tenant spaces in covered mall budilings and for corridor walls |
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Definition
| The period of time an opening assembly, such as a door or window, maintains the ability to confine fire or maintain its integrity |
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Definition
| The period of time a building component such as a wall, floor or roof maintian the ability to confine a fire or maintain its structural integrity |
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Definition
| Numerical value assigned to a material tested in accordance with ASTM E 84 |
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Definition
| An area where persons unable to use stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assistance during an emergency evacuation |
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Term
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Definition
| An enclosed exit access component that defines and provides a path of egress travel to an exit, may or may not be protected depending on the particular requirements of the code |
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Definition
| A court or yard (considered part of an exit discharge) that provides access to a public way for one or more required exits |
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Term
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Definition
| A fully enclosed portion of an exit that provides for a protected path of egress either in a vertical or horizontal direction and must lead to exit discharge or public way, usually refers to protected stairways |
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Term
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Definition
| A horizontal, fully encolsed portion of an exit that is only used as a means of egress, leads from an exit doorway to an exit discharge or public way |
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Term
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Definition
| An exit through a minimum two-hour rated wall that divides a building in two or more separate exit access areas to afford safety from fire and smoke |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in elevation, consisting of one or more risers |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more flights of stairs with the necessary landings and platforms connecting them, to form a continuous and uninterrupted passage from one level to another |
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Term
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Definition
| The measurement of the distance between the most remote, occupiable point of an area or room to the entrance of the nearest exit that serves it, is a part of the exit access and is measured in a straight line along the path of exit travel |
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Term
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Definition
| Requirements that dictate how many accessible elements must be provided |
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Term
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Definition
| A continuous, unobstructed path connecting all accessible elements in spaces in a buliding or facility |
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Term
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Definition
| The fee method where the client pays a set amount of money for specific services |
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Term
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Definition
| The fee method where the client is charged for the actual amount of time that the professional spends on the project |
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Term
| Percentage of Project Cost |
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Definition
| The fee method where the professional fee is based on the project cost |
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Term
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Definition
| The fee method where professional fees are based on the square footage of a project |
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Term
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Definition
| The fee method where the designer produces their compensation by acting as a reseller of goods |
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Term
| General Liability Insurance |
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Definition
| Type of insurance that includes a range of insurance to protect against claims of property damage, liability and personal injury caused by the designer or employees, consultants or other people hired by the designer |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of insurance that protects the designer's building and its contents against fire, theft, flood, etc. |
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Term
| Personal Injury Protection |
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Definition
| Type of insurance that protects the interior designer against charges of clander, libel, defamation of character, misrepresentatio and other torts |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of insurance that covers liability and property damage to vehicles owned and used by the business |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of insurance that is mandatory and protects employees in the event of injuries caused by work-related activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of insurance carried by the owner that protects against physical loss or damage caused by fire, theft, vandalism and malicious mischief |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of business structure where the company is owned by an individual, where individual is personally liable for actions of the business |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of business structure that is an association of individuals that is a separate legal entity from the individuals, individuals are only at risk for their actual investment in the company |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of business structure that is an association of individuals, but liabiltiy for malpractice is limited to the person responsible |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of business structure where two or more people share in the management and liability of the business |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of business structure where two or more people share in the management and liability or a business, but other investors's liabiltiy is limited to the amount of their investment |
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