Term
|
Definition
| Freestanding components that aren't physically attached to construction & that are usually purchased under a separate contract |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 basic categories of furniture? |
|
Definition
| 1) Ready made: purchased from a standard selection of a particular manufacturer 2)Custom designed 3)Built-in |
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|
Term
| Will a specifier usually have a choice of fabric types, fabric colors, & wood finishes with ready made furniture? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of ready made furniture? |
|
Definition
| Still 1000s of possible variations. Can look @ piece, touch it, sit in, have good knowledge of appropriateness before specified/purchased. Know cost, have guarantee, being able to judge quality |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of custom designed furniture? |
|
Definition
| allows owner/designer to get exactly what is wanted |
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|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of custom designed furniture? |
|
Definition
| the burden of correctly designing the piece, having it manufactured, & being responsible for the ultimate quality is placed on the designer. It is usually more costly than a ready made item. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Custom designed furniture but it becomes part of the architectureal construction of a project |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of built-in furniture? |
|
Definition
| Makes more efficient use of space. often less expensive than ready-made furniture for same function. Design more consistent with architectural appearance of space. |
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|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of built-in furniture? |
|
Definition
| It is less flexible & more difficult to change when styles change or when the room's function changes |
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|
Term
| What must seating be appropriate for? |
|
Definition
| use, comfort, adaptable to wide range of body types/sizes, strong, & durable finish. Must be appropriate to overall design concept of space in which used |
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|
Term
| What must be considered for tables? |
|
Definition
| Correct dimensions for function, sturdy support structure, durable surface, clor/texture gives correct light reflectivity for visual tasks performed |
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|
Term
| How much space do people need along a table's edge to avoid crowding? |
|
Definition
| generally 24-30" per person |
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Term
|
Definition
| single pieces of furniture/groups of components providing work surface/storage |
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|
Term
| What is the most common type of workstation? |
|
Definition
| a traditional pedestal desk w/ drawers in base |
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|
Term
| What are variations of workstations? |
|
Definition
| desk with typing or credenze return off to side or separte credenza behind desk |
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|
Term
| What are the basic parameters for designing storage? |
|
Definition
| Knowing types & sizes of items to be stored, location of storage, how often items stored items will be accessed, visibility desired |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consist of mattress set & supporting framework whether simple as a platform base or elaborate system of bedposts, footboard, & headboard |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collection of modular components designed to fit together in various ways to make up office work stations |
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|
Term
| What does systems furniture consist of? |
|
Definition
| panels to divide work stations & define areas, work surfaces, storage units, lighting & wire management facilities |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 basic varieties of systems furniture? |
|
Definition
| 1)freestanding panels w/conventional freestanding furniture 2) Panels of various lengths & heights that link to provide support for work surfaces & storage units that are suspended from panels 3)self-contained L or U-shaped workstations that include work surfaces, storage, & other required components |
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|
Term
| what is the advantage of systems furniture? |
|
Definition
| It makes more efficient use of space than private office layout |
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|
Term
| What type of lighting is usually incorporated into systems furniture? |
|
Definition
| task lighting & sometimes ambient |
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|
Term
| What are some of the selection criteras for furniture? |
|
Definition
| Must satisfy functional needs of intended use, Comfort, to meet major design elements, quality, finish selection, cost condiderations |
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|
Term
| What must be considered to determine the functional needs of intended use of furniture? |
|
Definition
| purpose of piece, type of people using it, need for adjustability, finish requirements, durability, & size |
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|
Term
| What is an example of a comfort consideration when selecting a chair? |
|
Definition
| the effect on the human body |
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|
Term
| Why is furniture a major design element? |
|
Definition
| It affects the appearance of surroundings |
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|
Term
| What are some things to consider to make sure furniture will fit within intended design? |
|
Definition
| Must be selected to be compatable w/size, & visual characteristics of space in which used. Qualities of scale, color, line, form, texture, & touch should be considered |
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|
Term
| What do quality needs depend on? |
|
Definition
| usage, type of users, expected maintenance, & flammability |
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|
Term
| What cost considerations must be considered with furniture? |
|
Definition
| life cycle costs and initional cost |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage to using an expensive piece of furniture? |
|
Definition
| although more expensive, a well-built piece should last longer & require less maintenance than the less expensive piece |
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|
Term
| What do fabric selections influence on furniture? |
|
Definition
| appearance, durability, & safety |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 divisions of natural fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from animal sources |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| from fleece of sheep, 1 of best fibers for all types of fabric & carpet |
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|
Term
| Although wool's individual fibers are weak, what is this compensated for by? |
|
Definition
| the yarn's excellent resilience |
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|
Term
| Why is wool good for drapery/upoholstery? |
|
Definition
| the creases & crimps fall out easily for a smooth appearance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| excellent elasticity & wears well, resistant to soiling & cleans easily, when exposed to flame will burn but self-extinguishing when removed |
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|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of wool? |
|
Definition
| expensive & can be stretched so it isn't as dimensionally stable as some fabrics |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellulosic fiber comes from seed hairs of cotton plant |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of cotton: |
|
Definition
| inexpensive & has good tensile strength & moderately good abrasion resistance. |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of cotton? |
|
Definition
| has poor resilience & recovery properties, degrades under prolonged sunlight exposure, burns readily & subject to mildew |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| made from fibers of the flax plant. it is a bast fiber so dirived from the stalk of a plant, like jute, ramie, and hemp |
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|
Term
| Why is linen seldom used for upholstery? |
|
Definition
| it lacks the resilience & flexibility & is susceptable to abrasion |
|
|
Term
| Does linen take printed dyes very well? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of linen is most linen? |
|
Definition
| Tow linen - made of short-staple fibers |
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|
Term
| What is the benefit of tow linen? |
|
Definition
| it is dimensionally stable & resistant to fading |
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|
Term
| What is linen most usuable for? |
|
Definition
| draperies & wall coverings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtained from fibers spun by silk worms larvae |
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|
Term
| What is the advantage of silk? |
|
Definition
| very strong & good resilience & flexibility. Finish & luster is generally highly valued |
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|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of silk? |
|
Definition
| It is very expensive & degrades in sunlight |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| regenerated cellulosic fiber |
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|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of rayon? |
|
Definition
| poor resistance to sunlight & poor resiliency. high absorbency. low resistance to water & moisture. flammable. seldom used for upholstery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regenerated cellulosic fiber composed of cellulose, acetic acid, & other chemicals |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of acetate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of acetate? |
|
Definition
| flammable & doesn't wear well. poor sunlight resistance |
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|
Term
| Triacetate (a variation of acetate): |
|
Definition
| has similar composition but higher ratio of acetate to cellulose to improve agin, flammability, & resistance to sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often used as replacement for wool because of appearance |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of acrylic? |
|
Definition
| moderately good strength & resilience. resistant to sunlight |
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantage of acyrlic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do modacrylics differ from acrylics? |
|
Definition
| have similar properties but much greater resistance to heat & flame |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the most popular synthetic fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| exceptionally strong w/high resiliency & elasticity. resistant to many chemicals, water, & microorganisms |
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|
Term
| How have the former problems of nylon been compensated ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is nylon often combined with other synthetic/natural fibers? |
|
Definition
| to obtain the superior advantages of both |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inexpensive & highly resistant to chemicals, mildew, & microorganisms. Highly resilient & non absorbent |
|
|
Term
| What is olefin most useful for? |
|
Definition
| carpeting & carpet backing |
|
|
Term
| What makes olefin undesirable for upholstery? |
|
Definition
| its low resistance to sunlight, heat, & flame |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good resilience & elasticity. high resistance to solvants & other chemicals. good resistant to sunlight |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of polyester: |
|
Definition
| undesirable burning properties but can be treated to make more flame resistant. absorbs & holds oily materials |
|
|
Term
| What is selecting fabrics a matter of balancing? |
|
Definition
| functional & aesthetic requirements against cost & availability |
|
|
Term
| What are the important criterias for selecting fabrics? |
|
Definition
| durability, flammability, dimensional stability, maintenance, appearance, scale, and comfort |
|
|
Term
| how is fabric durability defined: |
|
Definition
| resistance to abrasion, fading, staining, & other mechanical abuses as well as cleanability |
|
|
Term
| What does the amount of abrasion-resistance a piece of upholstered furniture have depend on? |
|
Definition
| type of fiber, how yarn is made & applied to piece, fabrics backing, & undercushion |
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|
Term
| How is the most durable upholstery achieved? |
|
Definition
| by using strong, smooth fibers like nylon/wool, having yarn tightly twisted, specified heavy thick fabrics, using close set weaves, employing relatively soft under cushions to allow fabric to flex under use |
|
|
Term
| What are some durability problems encountered with fabrics? |
|
Definition
| snagging, fuzzing, & pilling |
|
|
Term
| How can fabrics be enhanced to resist ignition & smoldering? |
|
Definition
| being treated with various chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to retain shape & fit over cushioning wo/sagging, wrinkling, stretching, or tearing |
|
|
Term
| What should a fabric be resilient enough to do? |
|
Definition
| return to original shape after deformed by use |
|
|
Term
| What is a critical element of dimensional stability? |
|
Definition
| making sure that fabric & cushions are appropriately matched |
|
|
Term
| What can happen if a fabric is inappropriately matched with a cushion? |
|
Definition
| cushion that allows for more deformation than certain fabric can resist and will cause problems |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways that fabric is often attached to a cushion? |
|
Definition
| 1)buttoning 2) tufting 3)channeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secures fabric to cushion w/ lightly tensioned button & thread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| button pulled tightly agaisnt cushion resulting in deeply folded surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secures fabric to cushion in parallel rows |
|
|
Term
| What fabric maintenance issue must be considered? |
|
Definition
| an ongoing program of regular maintenance |
|
|
Term
| What appearance consideration is necessary for fabric selection? |
|
Definition
| must consider both other materials used in furniture & materials being used in space adjacent to furniture |
|
|
Term
| How must scaled be considered during fabric selection? |
|
Definition
| size of fabric textures & pattern in relationship to piece of furniture & to space in which used |
|
|
Term
| how should comfort be considered for fabric selection? |
|
Definition
| must be appropriate for intended use & ergonomic requirements |
|
|
Term
| How can fabric & cushioning affect comfort? |
|
Definition
| by their porosity, resilence, surface texture & finish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can breath & is more comfortable for long periods of sitting or where temperature & humidity are high |
|
|
Term
| WHat do cushion and seaming affect with furniture? |
|
Definition
| comfort, warability, & flammability |
|
|
Term
| WHat are common cushioning materials? |
|
Definition
| cotton batting, polyester batting, polyurethane foam, latex foam, rubberized fibers, & shredded fibers |
|
|
Term
| How can cushioning materials be used? |
|
Definition
| alone or in cushions placed on coiled or sinuous spring support |
|
|
Term
| What type of cushioning presents a particularly high fire hazzard? |
|
Definition
| untreated cellular plastic cushioning |
|
|
Term
| What types of foam are considered untreated cellular plastic cushioning? |
|
Definition
| polyurethane, polystyrene, poly ethylene, polypropylene, PVC, ABS, celluloseacetate, epoxy, phenolic, urea, silicone, & foamed latex |
|
|
Term
| What type of batting is dangerous when cigarette ignition resistance is required? |
|
Definition
| untreated cellulosic batting such as cotton batting |
|
|
Term
| If flammibility resistance is a high priority what batting is a better choice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Padding types from most resistant to cigarette ignition to least: |
|
Definition
| neoprene & combusion modified poly urethane, poly batting, smolder-resistant/flame resitant poly foam, mixed fiber batting, untreated poly foam, cellulosic batting, latex foam |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most important flammability considerations for upholstery? |
|
Definition
| smoldering resistance & cigarette ignition resistance |
|
|
Term
| What is smoldering resistance/cigarette ignition resistance affected by? |
|
Definition
| combo of fabric material, cushioning, seating construction |
|
|
Term
| Where should you avoid using welts and what can you use instead? |
|
Definition
| On surfaces where cigarettes may be dropped. can use railroading seaming instead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of fabric to furniture so no intermediate seam detail. also used when vertical stripes must run horizontally |
|
|
Term
| How can upolstery be safely enhanced in 2 ways? |
|
Definition
| 1) Flammability minimized by treating cushion material with 1 of several chemicals 2)Liners can be used between fabric & cushion to provide barrier that slows pread of heat/flame from fabric to cushion |
|
|
Term
| WHat is an example of how flammability was minimized by treating cushion material w chemicals? |
|
Definition
| cotton batting & poly foam can be treated to increase resistance to smoldering & flame spread |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 performance criteria for assessing a foam cushions comfortability/wearability? |
|
Definition
| 1)density 2)indention load deflection 3)support ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass per unit volume. normally expressed in pounds per cubic feet |
|
|
Term
| does a high density foam provide a firm cushion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indentation load deflection: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indentation load deflection rating: |
|
Definition
| a metal plate 8" dia is pushed against sample of foam 4"thick. The # of pounds required to compress foam down to 1" (25%)is ILD rating |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force required to compress foam sample to 65% of original thickness to force required to compress sample to 25% of origional thickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| better ability to support weight |
|
|
Term
| Where are high support ratios from 2.25-5.0 used? |
|
Definition
| medical, institutional, & assembly seating |
|
|
Term
| Where are moderate firmness cushions w/support ratios from 2.0-2.5 used? |
|
Definition
| for light to medium use seating |
|
|
Term
| where are support ratios below 2.0 used? |
|
Definition
| for backs of chairs & booths |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cushioning permits fabric to give & resists the grinding action of normal use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to fabric when it is pulled tightly over sharp corners or welts |
|
Definition
| the frabric is quickly abraded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test methods developed to set standards for the flammability of upholstery & fabrics used for interior applications |
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|
Term
| What do flammability test methods define? |
|
Definition
| limits on materials flammability in terms of 1 or more characteristics: resist ignition, resist to flame spread, resist to smoldering, prevention of smoke development, prevention of heat contribution to growth of fire, prevention of toxic gas release |
|
|
Term
| What are the common used tests for furniture & finishes? |
|
Definition
| vertical ignition test, cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components, cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites, full seating test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| establishes 2 procedures for testing flammabiity of draperies, curtains, or window treatments. assesses propagation of flame beyond area exposed to ignition source |
|
|
Term
| what is test 1 of the vertical ignition test? |
|
Definition
| procedure for assessing response of fabrics ligher than 21 ounce per sq yd individually & in multilayer composites |
|
|
Term
| What is text 2 of the vertical ignition test? |
|
Definition
| for fabrics weighing more than 21 ouce/sq yd such as blackout linings, awnings, tents, similar achitectural fabric structures & banners |
|
|
Term
| What is the vertical ignition test appropriate for testing? |
|
Definition
| materials exposed to air on both sides |
|
|
Term
| What is an equivalent test to the vertical ignition test? |
|
Definition
| UL214, test for flame Propagation of fabrics & films |
|
|
Term
| Cigarette iginition resistance test of furniture components: |
|
Definition
| tests resistance of upholstered furniture components, separately, to flame & cigarette ignition |
|
|
Term
| What are the separate fill materials that are tested by the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components? |
|
Definition
| expanded polystyrene beads, cellular materials, feathers, nonartificial fillings, artificial fiber fillings *tested separately for a variety of characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites: |
|
Definition
| tests resistance of seat cushions mock-up (including foam, liner, & fabric) to a lit cigarette |
|
|
Term
| What does the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites determine? |
|
Definition
| how composite materials (padding & covering) react to a lit cigarette |
|
|
Term
| when does a cushion fail the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components? |
|
Definition
| if it breaks into flame or if char more than 2" long develops |
|
|
Term
| What is the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites not intended to measure? |
|
Definition
| performance of upholstered furniture uner conditions of exposure to open flame |
|
|
Term
| Out of the BIFMA classifications, which one is most resistant to charring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaluates effect of open flame on actual sample of chair |
|
|
Term
| What does the full seating test measure? |
|
Definition
| rate of heat & smoke released, total amount of heat/smoke released, concentration of carbon oxides, & others |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important measure of the full seating test? |
|
Definition
| rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| material remaining from incomplete combustion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capable of burning w/ a flame & subject to easy ignition & rapid flamming combustion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to withstand flame impingement or give protection from it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| should only be used as modifier with defined compound terms such as flame-retardant treatment. as nouns shouldn't be used unless its describing a chemical used for that purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combustion wo/flame that may burn for a relatively long time while generating smoke, toxic gases , & heat |
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|
Term
| What are some tests that measure wearability of a fabric? |
|
Definition
| abrasion resistance tested w/ Wyzenbeek or Tabor tests. Fading is measured in machine called Fade Ometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample of fabric is rubbed back & forth w/a cloth covered or wire scrren covered roller several 1000s imes in both directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves mounting sample of fabric on a platform & exposing it to the revolutions action of 2 abrasive wheels |
|
|
Term
| What is the # of revolutions the fabric withstands before breaking a yarn is called what in the taber test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposes fabric to ultraviolet light @specific humidity levels. It tests color loss @ intervals of 20 hrs |
|
|
Term
| What is considered a minimum rating for most fabrics (Fade ometer)? |
|
Definition
| 80 hrs exposure w/color loss |
|
|
Term
| Business & institutional furniture manufacturers association: |
|
Definition
| developed several standards for office furnishings. includes standards for general purpose office chairs, lateral files, vertical files, lounge seating, desk products, & panel system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polyester yarn that uses modified polymer so it is permanently flame resistant regardless of wear or # of washings. Fabrics made w/this fiber are easy to clean, abrasion resistant, crease proof, & dimensionally stable, don't retain odors or support bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engineered fabric made by patented process of immersion in a chemical solution followed by a heat set to form a durable coating on the face. Given a polyurethane chemical spray on the back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stain, water, flame, & bacteria resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upholstery, wall coverings, bedspreads, shower curtains, etc. Good choice for healthcare facilities & retirement communities, where durability & fire resistance are important qualities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upholstery fabric lamination & treatment process that applies a breathable moisture barrier to back of a fabric & a topical coating to the front of the fabric |
|
|
Term
| Heath concerns for halogenated flame retardants: |
|
Definition
| found to cause neurological, developmental, & reproductive damage in lab animals & to persist in environment |
|
|
Term
| where are halogenated flame retardants (poly-brominated diphenyl ethers) used? |
|
Definition
| furniture, textiles, & other building materials & comes in a variety of types |
|
|
Term
| what must happen when designer is specifying flame-retardant chemicals? |
|
Definition
| must verify which chemicals are being used & avoid those that may create health or environmental problem |
|
|
Term
| List fabric types from most resistant to fire to least resistant when untreated: |
|
Definition
| wool, silk, modacrylic, nylon, olefin, polyester, acrylic, acetate, cellulosic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Flexible polyurethane foam: |
|
Definition
| one of common types of cushioning available in densities ranging from .8 lbm/ft (3rd power) up to 6.0 lbm/ft (3rd power) |
|
|
Term
| What density does most upholstered furniture use? |
|
Definition
| in range of .9 lbm/ft (3rd power) to 2.5 lbm/ft (3rd power) |
|
|
Term
| How can you tel a durable & more expensive foam? |
|
Definition
| the higher the density is |
|
|
Term
| who tests specific aspects of fabric wearability & durability? |
|
Definition
| American Association of Textile Chemists & colorists & the Chemical Fabrics & Film Association |
|
|
Term
| Martindale abrasion test: |
|
Definition
| determines the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics, generally w/ a pile depth of less than .08" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines the colorfastness, under light exposure of textile materials using 6 different test options. Most common test option uses xenon-arc lamp w/ continuous light |
|
|
Term
| what is a minimum rating for color loss? |
|
Definition
| for most fabrics, 80 hrs of exposure wo/ color loss |
|
|
Term
| Crocking resistance test: |
|
Definition
| determines the resistance of a colored textile to transfer its color from its surface to other surfaces by rubbing |
|
|
Term
| Tearing strength test, tongue method: |
|
Definition
| measures the tearing resistance of fabrics after an initial cut has been made in the fabric |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial resistance test: |
|
Definition
| detects bacteriostatic activity on textile materials |
|
|
Term
| First 3 aspects taken by designers regarding material & finish selection should be documented? |
|
Definition
| 1)obtain as much info as possible about the products being reviewed. 2)Inform the client of the products being selected, & notify the client of any potential problems or risks. Ask the manufacturer or manufacturer's rep specifically about any potential problems w/ the product or any situations where product install has failed. 3)For each item on list of comparable projects, obtain owner's name, name of design professional responsible, & installing contractor's name |
|
|
Term
| Next 4 aspects taken by designers regarding material & finish selection should be documented? |
|
Definition
| 1)Follow manufacturer's recommendations for detailing & specifications, & obtain written approval of the specs from the manufacturer. 2) If proper install of the product is critical, make @ least 1 visit to the site to verify that correct install procedures are followed 3) If install particularly difficult or specialized, require manufacturer provide a field rep to observe the install & to certify that product has been installed according to manufacturer's recommendations 4)Investigate the production capability & financial condition of the manufacturer, distributor, & installing contractor |
|
|
Term
| For material/finishes,who should the shop drawings be prepared by if appropriate? |
|
Definition
| by the manufacturer or installing contractor, & require that the shop dwg be approved by both parties |
|
|
Term
| 5 broad criteria for the selection of material & finishes: |
|
Definition
| 1)function 2) durability 3)maintainability 4)safety/heath 5)cost |
|
|
Term
| Acoustic Qualities (function): |
|
Definition
| material's ability to absorb sound or to block the transmission of sound |
|
|
Term
| How is sound absorption measured? |
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Definition
| in the noise reduction coefficient |
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Term
| what might be acoustically important in an open -plan office design? |
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Definition
| articulation class of ceilings |
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Term
| Aesthetics of materials/finishes(function): |
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Definition
| One of 1st criteria considered by the designer. Appearance must be balanced with all the other technical & cost criteria |
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Term
| Availability of materials (function): |
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Definition
| how easily a product can be obtained and if it can be delivered to the job site in time to maintain the overall project schedule |
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Term
| Choice (criteria for selection - function): |
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Definition
| of color, texture, & other visual characteristics vary depending on what manufacturers offer |
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Term
| Installation method (choice criteria - function): |
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Definition
| precise sequence of steps needed to place the material or product into the work |
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Term
| what can installation methods of a product affect? |
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Definition
| cost & scheduling of a material & whether skilled workers will be required or not |
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Term
| what does durability relate to? |
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Definition
| the serviceability of the product or material when in use. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a materail or finish to resist being worn away or to maintain its original appearance when rubbed with another object |
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Term
| Attachement (durability factor): |
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Definition
| method by which one material is connected to another. This criterion can have significant influence on product selection, depending on the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| capability of a material to resist adhesion or sticking between 2 surfaces of a wall covering |
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Term
| Breaking strength (durability factor): |
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Definition
| load that, when placed on a material , is just great enough to break the material |
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Term
| what does breaking strength usually refer to in interior design? |
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Definition
| fabrics & other textiles where the load is applied in the plane of the material, with material laid flat. May also apply to tile, stone, & other materials subjected to a localized load |
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Term
| chemical resistance (durability factor): |
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Definition
| material's resistance to damage, change of finish, or other deleterious changes resulting from exposure to chemicals |
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Term
| what do most manufacturers state regarding chemical resistance? |
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Definition
| which chemicals their products are resistant to |
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Term
| Coating adhesion (durability factor): |
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Definition
| the ability of a thin coating, like wall covering or paint, to adhere to its substrate |
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Term
| Cold cracking resistance (durability factor): |
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Definition
| resistance of coated or decorative surfaces to cracking when they are exposed to low temperatures. |
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Term
| Colorfastness(durability factor): |
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Definition
| resistance of a finish to change or loss of color when exposed to light, most commonly the ultraviolet light of the sun |
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Term
| Corrosion resistance (durability factor): |
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Definition
| product's resistance to deterioration by a chemical or electrochemical reaction resulting from exposure to moisture, chemicals, or other lements |
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Term
| when is corrosion typically a problem? |
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Definition
| when metal products are exposed to moisture |
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Term
| crocking resistance (durability factor): |
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Definition
| material's resistance to the transfer of color from a wall covering surface when rubbed |
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Term
| Fabrication quality(durability factor): |
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Definition
| measure of how well a product is assembled in the factory. |
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Term
| what 3 grades of fabrication quality is woodwork divided into? |
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Definition
| 1)economy 2)custom 3) premium by the Architectural Woodwork Institute |
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Term
| Heat-aging resistance (durability factor): |
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Definition
| wall covering's resistance to the deterioration caused by high temperatures over an extended time. |
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Term
| Lightfastness (durability factor): |
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Definition
| ability of paint or other finishes to resist loss of color when exposed to sunlight |
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Term
| Scrubbability (durability factor): |
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Definition
| materials ability to be cleaned repeatedly w/a brush & detergent |
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Term
| Shrinkage(durability factor): |
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Definition
| decrease in dimension when a material is exposed to moisture - mostly applied to fabrics |
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Term
| stain resistance (durability factor): |
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Definition
| material's resistance to change in appearance after the application & removal of another material |
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Term
| Strength/structure(durability factor): |
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Definition
| inherent ability of a product to withstand any loads that may be placed on it. |
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Term
| Extent of strength/structure of a product: |
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Definition
| as simple as ability of one part of a detail to support the weight of another part of a detail, or as complex as ability of a product or detail to withstand complex gravity & wind loads that may require a structural engineer to calculate |
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Term
| tear resistance, or tear strength (durability factor): |
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Definition
| resistance of a thin material, like fabric, to the propagation of an existing tear |
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Term
| Washability (durability factor): |
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Definition
| material's ability to be cleaned repeatedly with a sponge & detergent solution to remove surface dirt. |
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Term
| Cleanability (maintainability factor): |
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Definition
| ease with which a material can be cleaned using whatever methods are appropriate for the material. * one of the most important criteria to consider when selecting finishes |
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Term
| Repairability (maintainability factor): |
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Definition
| product or material's ability to be repaired when damaged. Designer should avoid details that make it difficult/expensive to replace one of the component parts |
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Term
| Resilience (maintainability factor): |
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Definition
| material's capacity to recover its original size & shape after deformation caused by some load . Typically applied to soft floor covering |
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Term
| Self-healing(maintainability factor): |
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Definition
| material's ability to return to its original configuration after it has been deformed or temporarily changed. Similar to resilience but may apply to any type of product (example - holes in corkboard after pins removed) |
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Term
| sustainability (maintainability factor): |
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Definition
| meeting the needs & wants of the present generation wo/harming or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs |
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Term
| what does sustainable design involve? |
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Definition
| the design, operation, & reuse concepts that together can created functional, healthy, nonpolluting, & environmentally friendly buildings wo/ compromising practical requirements or human comfort. |
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Term
| what should designer look at when evaluating products for sustainability? |
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Definition
| recycled content, recyclability, energy consumption, & life cycle assessment |
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Term
| what does safety relate to? |
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Definition
| prevention of accidental harm to people & security from intentional harm |
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Term
| Finish safety (safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| Relates to the surface & edge condition of products. Should be no sharp projections, edges, or surfaces rough enough to cut or abrade when people come in contact with the product |
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Term
| Flammability (safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| liklihood that material will combust, one of most important criteria for material & finish selection |
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Term
| how is flammability rated for most materials? |
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Definition
| in terms of flame spread, smoke developed, & fuel contributed |
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Term
| what is the most common test developed for flame spread & smoke? |
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Definition
| the Steiner Tunnel Test, ASTM E 84 |
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Term
| Mold and Mildew resistance (safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| important to prevent growth of microscopic organisms. |
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Term
| why are many materials inherently susceptible to growth of mold & mildew? |
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Definition
| cause they provide an organic nutrient that when combined w/moisture & a suitable temp, will provide a growing medium for these biological contaminants |
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Term
| outgassing(safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| release of toxic gasses from materials, most commonly after the material has been installed |
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Term
| Security (safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| providing protection against theft, vandalism, intentional physical harm, or a combo of all three |
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Term
| what are common products that are available w/ various levels of security? |
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Definition
| doors, glazing, & hardware |
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Term
| slip resistance(safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| ability of flooring material to help prevent accidental slipping. Commonly measured with the Coefficient of Friction |
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Term
| Volatile organic compound emission(safety/health factor): |
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Definition
| result when chemicals that contain carbon & hydrogen vaporize at room temperature & pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| in many indoor sources such as paint, sealants, & carpeting |
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Term
| What are the 2 aspects of cost? |
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Definition
| 1)initial cost 2)life-cycle cost |
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Term
|
Definition
| initial amount of money required to purchase & install a product |
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Term
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Definition
| entire cost of a product over its life or the life of the building & includes initial cost, maintenance costs, energy costs, financing costs, & replacement costs |
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Term
| Best source for information on materials & finishes: |
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Definition
| manufacturers:provide designer w/ promotional literature, ful product catalogs, & [ersonal advice via manufacturer's reps, telephone & email. |
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Term
|
Definition
| multivolume catalog publication organized according to CSI's MasterFormat numbering system - to compare similar products |
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Term
| 2 leading standard orgs in U.S.: |
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Definition
| American Society for Testing Materias. & American National Standars Institute |
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Term
| Why is it important to document the decision making process involved w/ selecting materials, finishes, & furnishings? |
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Definition
| Required for client's review, as backup info for billing, & to guard against claims of negligence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure to use the care ordinarily exercised in similar cases by other qualified members of the profession & the failure to use reasonable judgment in the exercise of work |
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Term
| What form can documentation take? |
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Definition
| any written form, including letters or emails to & from manufacturers or manufacturer's representatives, comparison charts evaluating similar products, product catalogs, personal notes, & other correspondence to anyone involved in the product selection process |
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