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| Types of clinical interviewing |
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structured
semi-structured
unstructured |
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| types of informal assessment |
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observation of behavior
rating scales
classification techniques
records and personal documents |
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| types of personality assessment |
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standardized tests (MMPI)
projective tests (TAT
interest inventories (Strong) |
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| types of ability assessment |
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Definition
achievement tests (WRAT)
aptitude tests (SAT)
intelligence tests (WISC) |
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developed forerunner of verbal IQ
recognized mental retardation was related to developmental deficiencies not mental illness |
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| developed the form board, improved motor skills for indls w. mental retardation |
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developed first test of intelligence
looked at relationship btw rxn time, grip strengths and intelligence |
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| applied statistical concepts to psych assessment |
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| studied human memory and the forgetting curve |
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| first modern intelligence test, Binet-Simon scale |
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revised the Binet-Simon scale - became the Stanford-Binet
incorporated IQ |
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| Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
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| chronological age divided by mental age |
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| developed Army Alpha and Beta |
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both were intelligence tests to screen cog abilities of military recruits
Alpha - original
Beta- language free version |
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| developed the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) |
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| developed the Stanford Achievement Test, first achievement test battery to measure academic performance of lg grps of students |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - objective measurement of personality
The updated version is widely used to diagnose psychopathology |
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all created well known projective techniques
(Jung's word associations, Rorschach's inkblots, Murray's Thematic Apperception Test) |
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| father of vocational guidance and counseling |
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| Strong Vocational Interest Blank -- became Strong Interest Inventory |
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assessment: broad term, systematic process of gathering and documenting client info
test: subset of assessment, yields data regarding an examinee's responses to test items |
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Term
| interpretation vs. evaluation |
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Definition
interpretation: part of assessment process, prof counselor assigns meaning to the data yielded by evaluative procedures (comparing indl to peer grp, using predetermined standard/criteria or professional judgement)
evaluation: making a determination of worth or significance based on the result of a measurement (ex. using Beck Depression Inventory to evaluate client's progress in counseling) |
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| limit perfect scores by including difficult test items that few indls can answer correctly |
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used if a counselor wants info regarding the client's best attainable score/performance
ex. achievement and aptitude tests |
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concerned w/ one's characteristic or normal performance
ex. personality measurements |
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Term
| Standardized tests vs. non-standardized tests |
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Definition
Standardized tests are valid and reliable, indl scores can be compared to a norm grp, ex. SAT and GRE
non-standardized tests are interpreting solely on the counselors judgement ex. projective personality measures |
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| OBjective vs. subjective tests |
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Definition
objective tests provide consistency in administration and scoring to ensure the examiner's own beliefs/biases don't interfere (often have a "right" answer)
subjective tests are sensitive to rater and examinee beliefs (ex. open-ended questions) |
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| Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing |
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Definition
approp and ethical use of tests
developed by APA, AERA (am. ed. research assoc.), NCME (natl council on measurement and ed) |
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| Responsibilities of Users of Standardized Tests (RUST) |
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Definition
policy statement published by AACE (assoc for assess in counseling and ed), a division of ACA
ensure ACA members use standardized tests in accurate, fair and responsible manner |
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| Joint Committee on Testing Practices (JCTP) |
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Definition
collaboration btw AERA, APA, NCME, and ACA
publishes doc concerning testing in education psychology and counseling:
1. Rights and Responsibilities of Test Takers
2. Test User Qualifications
3. Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education |
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Definition
| assessments used to determine employment must be relate strictly to the duties outlined in the job description and cannot discriminate based on race, color, religion, pregnancy, gender or origin |
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| Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) |
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| Ensures the confidentiality of student test records by restricting access to scores. Affirms the rights of both student and parent to view student records. |
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| Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 |
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| Confirms rights of students believed to have a disability to receive testing at the expense of the public school system. Students w. disabilities receive an IEP that specifies accommodations a student gets to optimize learning |
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| The Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984 |
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Carl Perkins Act
provides access to vocational assessment, counseling, and placement services for the economically disadvantaged, those w. disabilities, indls entering nontraditional occupations, adults in need of vocational training, single parents, ESL, and incarcerated indls |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) |
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| employment testing must accurately measure a person's ability to perform pertinent job tasks w/o confounding the assessment results w. a disability, Act ensures that personal with disabilities receive approp accommodations during test administration |
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| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) |
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| secures the privacy of client records by requiring agencies to obtain client consent before releasing records to others, grants clients access to their records |
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ruled that schools had used biased intelligence tests, which led to an over-representation of African American children in programs for students w. educable mental retardation.
Counselors must provide written documentation that demonstrates use of nondiscriminatory and valid assessment tools. |
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| Diana v. California State Board of Ed |
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Definition
| requires that schools provide tests to students in their first language as well as in english to limit linguistic bias. |
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| Sharif v. New York State Educational Dept |
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Definition
| SAT alone cannot be used to determine scholarship award |
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| Griggs v. Duke Power Company |
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Definition
| ruled that assessments used in job hiring and promotion process must be job related |
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| barred use of quota systems for minority admissions procedures in US colleges and universities |
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| Mental Measurement Yearbook (MMY) |
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| contains basic info on test, reliability, validity, and critiques by experts |
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pub by Buros Institute of Mental MEasurement
comprehensive list of all published and commercially available tests in psychology and education, does not provide critical reviews |
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| published by Pro-Ed, contains concise instrument information, does not include critiques, validity or reliability |
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published by Pro-Ed, companion to Tests
contains info re: reliability and validity, but in simple language |
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Term
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how accurately an instrument measures a given construct
- what an instrument measures
- how well it does so
- the extent to which meaningful inferences can be made from the instrument's results |
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extent to which an instrument's content is approp to its intended purpose
test items must reflect all major content areas covered by the domain
must contain items that measure the physical, psychological and cognitive factors of the domain
number of test items covering ea. content area must represent the importance of the content in the domain |
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effectiveness of an instrument in predicting an indl's performance on a specific criterion
there are two types of criterion validity: concurrent and predictive validity |
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a type of criterion validity
concerned w. the relationship btw an instrument's results and another currently obtainable criterion
For example: give depression instrument to a grp of adults and keep track of the number of times those adults were admitted to the hospital for suicide ideation, wld expect to see relationship btw score on depression inventory and hospital visits. |
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a type of criterion validity
examines relationship btw the instrument's results and a criterion collected in the future
ex. a depression inventory that predicted hospitalization for suicide ideation in the upcoming year |
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extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical construct (idea or concept)
det by experimental designs, factor analysis, and convergence w. other similar measures and discrimination with other dissimilar measures |
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| experimental design validity |
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Definition
type of construct validity
use scientific study to prove your instrument works |
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statistical technique that analyzes the interrelationships of an instrument's items
must show that the instrument's sub-scales are statistically related to ea. other (but not too closely) and the larger construct |
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shows that the instrument is related to what (theoretically) it shld be
ex. you cld correlate a depression inventory w. the Beck Depression Inventory |
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| est when measures of constructs that are not theoretically related are observed to have no relationship |
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not a real type of validity
whether an assessment LOOKS like its valid or credible |
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| correlation btw test score and the criterion measure |
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Definition
predict an indl's future score based on a current criterion
ex. predict GPA based on SAT score |
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Term
| standard error of estimate |
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Definition
| statistic that indicates the expected margin of error in a predicted criterion score due to the imperfect validity of the test |
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Definition
| accuracy of instrument in supporting counselor decisions |
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Definition
consistency of scores attained by the same person on dif administration of the same test
ideally we'd like the score to be the same |
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Definition
| compensates mathematically for shorter length when determining split-half reliability |
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Term
| Two formulas for interitem consistency |
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Definition
Kuder-Richardson (for use when responses are dichotomous - yes/no)
Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha (test items result in multipoint response like a Likert scale) |
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closer the coefficient is to 1 the more reliable the scores
typically range from .8-.95 |
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| standard error of measurement |
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Definition
| used to estimate how scores from repeated administrations of the same instrument are distributed around the true score |
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Term
| standard error of measurement |
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Definition
| used to estimate how scores from repeated administrations of the same instrument are distributed around the true score |
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Definition
| an indls observed score is the sum of the true score + the amt of error present during test administration |
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| applying math. models to test data collected to evaluate how well indl test items and the test as a while work, detect item bias |
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NAME
categories like male/female |
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ORDER
rank-order data like a LIkert scale, 1st, 2nd, 3rd |
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| measure equal distance from ea. pt on the scale (for ex. temperature), has no true zero (you can't have no temperature), IQ tests |
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| has a true zero, ex. height (you can have no height) |
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| criterion-references assessment |
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Definition
provide info on an indl's score by comparing it to a predetermined standard or set of criteria
ex. 90-100 is an A |
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Definition
| indl's test score is compared against a previous test score |
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| most basic type of standard score, has a mean of 0 and standard dev of 1 |
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| standard score that has an adjusted mean of 50 and stnd dev of 10 |
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| "standard nine" type of standard score used on achievement tests, represent a range of z-scores and percentiles, mean of 5 and std dev of 2 |
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| normal curve equivalents (NCE) |
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Definition
dev by USDE
used in ed com to measure student achievement
range is from 1 to 99, indicate how indl ranked in relationship to peers
mean = 50, std dev = 21.06 |
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| type of developmental score that compares an indl's score w. the avg score of those of the same age |
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| type of developmental score that compares an indl's score w. the avg score of those at the same grade level |
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| Types of bias in an assessment |
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examiner bias: examiner's beliefs/behavior influence the test administration
interpretive bias: examiner's interpretation provides unfair advantage/disadvantage to the client
response bias: c |
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