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| Edmond Charles Genêt. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. |
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| Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. |
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President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out.
American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. |
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| Undeclared naval war with France |
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| Beginning in 1794, the French had began seizing American vessels in retaliation for Jay's Treaty, so Congress responded by ordering the navy to attack any French ships on the American coast. |
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| A conference between the U.S. and France which ended the naval hostilities. |
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| British seizure of American ships |
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| The British seized neutral American merchant ships which tried to trade at French ports. |
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| A British proclamation that said that neutral countries could not trade with both of two warring nations; they had to chose sides and only trade with one of the nations. |
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| British fur-trading posts in the Northwest territory. Their presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts. |
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| It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain.It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. |
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| Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. |
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| Spanish intrigue in the Southwest |
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| The Spanish used the Indians of Florida and Georgia as spies and encouraged the tribes to raid U.S. settlements, which contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 . |
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| James Wilkinson (1759-1825) |
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| had been an officer in the Continental Army, secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. |
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| had been one of the leading generals of the Continental Army, and had played a crucial role in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown. |
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| This paved the way for American settlement of the Ohio Valley. |
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| Treaty of Greenville, 1795 |
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| Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000. |
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| name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. |
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| Rutgers v. Waddington, 1784 |
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| the New York State Legislature passed the Trespass Act, which allowed land owners whose property had been occupied by the British during the Revolution to sue for damages. |
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| Occurred under the Articles of Confederation, when each state had a different type of currency. Acts passed by the Rhode Island Legislature imposed heavy fines on those who refused to accept the state’s depreciated currency at face value. |
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| First court decision in which a law was found unconstitutional based on a written constitution. |
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| upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state |
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| The Supreme Court upheld the treaty, proving that federal laws take precedence over state laws. |
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| war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. |
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| Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank. |
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| Was Jacksonianism an attack on privilege? |
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| Jackson opposed monopolies and the privileged class of society; he attacked the national bank for this reason. He advocated increased popular participation in government and greater opportunity for the common man. |
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| Bank war: its enemies and defenders |
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| this was a struggle between those who wanted to keep the national bank in operation and those who wanted to abolish it. Jackson and states’ rights advocates opposed the national bank, which they felt imposed discriminatory credit restrictions on local banks, making it more difficult for farmers and small businessmen to obtain loans. |
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| Bank war: Veto message by Andrew Jackson |
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| President Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the national bank |
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| Bank war: laws from 1800 to 1865 on banking |
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| These laws moved away from favoring the national bank towards favoring state banks. |
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| Changes in federal land laws and policies |
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| The Land Acts of 1800 and 1820, and the Preemptive Acts of the 1830s and 1840s lowered the price of land and made it easier for prospective settlers to acquire it. This encouraged people to move west. |
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| Changes and improvements in transportation and its effect |
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| These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships. The result was faster trade and easier access to the western frontier. It aided the growth of the nation. |
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| Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." |
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| He believed in a less aristocratic presidency. He wanted to reduce federal spending and government interference in everyday life. He was a Democratic-Republican (originally an Anti- Federalist), so he believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution. |
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| was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797 |
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| Sec. of Treasury Gallatin |
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| was a Swiss immigrant who was a financial genius; advocated free trade and opposed the Federalists’ economic policies. |
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| Jefferson’s Inaugural Address, "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" |
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| Jefferson (a Republican) declared that he wanted to keep the nation unified and avoid partisan conflicts. |
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| Federalist control of courts and judges |
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| On his last day in office, President Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges to the federal courts in an effort to maintain Federalist control of the government. |
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| newly-appointed Federalist judges were called midnight judges because John Adams had stayed up until midnight signing the appointments. |
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| Federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court. |
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| Tripolitan War (1801-1805) |
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| called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. |
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| In this treaty, Spain gave the Louisiana territory back to France |
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| Louisiana Purchase: reasons, Jefferson, loose construction |
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| The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans |
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| Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France’s Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S. |
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| Federalist opposition to the Louisiana Purchase |
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| Federalists opposed it because they felt Jefferson overstepped his Constitutional powers by making the purchase. |
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| After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When he lost, he blamed Hamilton of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804. |
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| Burr expedition, treason trial |
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| After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. |
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| Lewis and Clark expedition and its findings |
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| were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. |
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| explored (1805-1807) Minnesota and the Southwest, mapped the region, and spied on the Spanish whenever his exploration took him into their territory. |
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| explored the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) and concluded that it was a worthless "Great American Desert." |
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| initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. |
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| authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports. |
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| These dealt with the impressment of sailors. |
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| British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. |
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| British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. |
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| Chesapeake-Leopard Affair |
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| American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. |
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