Term
| 251. Supporters of the Constitution |
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Definition
| Known as Federalists, they were mostly wealthy and opposed anarchy. |
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Term
| 252. Opponents of the Constitution |
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Definition
| Known as Antifederalists, they were mostly commoners who were afraid of strong central government and being taken advantage of. |
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Term
| 253. Patrick Henry (1736-1799) |
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Definition
| One of the main opponents of the Constitution, he worked against its ratification in Virginia. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was opposed to the Constitution until the Bill of Rights was added, and then he supported it. |
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Term
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Definition
| He opposed the Constitution because it didn’t protect individual rights. His opposition led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. |
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Term
| 256. The ratification fights |
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Definition
| Massachusetts farmers opposed the Constitution because they felt it protected trade more than agriculture, but Massachusetts became the 6th state to ratify. New York was opposed to the Constitution; the Federalist Papers were published there to gain support for it. Virginia and New York would not ratify until the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. |
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Term
| 257. The Federalist Papers |
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Definition
| explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. |
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Term
| 258. "The Federalist, # 10" |
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Definition
| This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy (anarchy, rise of factions which disregard public good). |
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Term
| 259. Bill of Rights adopted, 1791 |
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Definition
| The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights. |
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Term
| 260. President George Washington |
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Definition
| established many of the presidential traditions, including limiting a president's tenure to two terms. He was against political parties and strove for political balance in government by appointing political adversaries to government positions. |
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Term
| 261. Vice-president John Adams |
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Definition
| A Federalist, he had little say in Washington’s administration. |
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Term
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Definition
Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges.
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Term
| 263. Sec. of the Treasury Hamilton |
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Definition
| A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank. |
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Term
| 264. Sec. of State Jefferson |
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Definition
| ...leading Democratic-Republican, he opposed Hamilton’s ideas. Washington tended to side with Hamilton, so Jefferson resigned. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Revolutionary War hero, _____________ had served as Secretary of War under the Articles of Confederation, and stayed on in that capacity as part of Washington’s cabinet. |
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Term
| 266. Attorney General Randolph |
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Definition
| served as U.S. Attorney General, and then succeeded Jefferson as Sec. of State. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to pay off the U.S.’s war debts and stabilize the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to raise revenue for the federal government, resulted in a government surplus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Hamilton’s Plan, it would save the government’s surplus money until it was needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| included domestic debt owed to soldiers and others who had not yet been paid for their Revolutionary War services |
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Term
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Definition
| all the debts incurred by the states during the war |
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Term
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Definition
| debt to other countries which had helped the U.S during the Revolutionary War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taxes placed on manufactured products. |
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Term
| 272. Report on Manufactures |
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Definition
| A document submitted to Congress, which set up an economic policy to encourage industry. |
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Term
| 273. Implied powers, elastic clause, necessary and proper clause |
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Definition
| These unspecified powers are known as Congress' __________ clause. There has long been a debate as to how much power this clause grants to Congress, which is sometimes referred to as the ______ clause because it can be "stretched" to include almost any other power that Congress might try to assert. |
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Term
| 274. Loose interpretation of the Constitution |
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Definition
| interpretation allows the government to do anything which the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing. |
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Term
| 274. Strict interpretation of the Constitution |
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Definition
| interpretation forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do. |
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Term
| 275. Location of the capitol: Washington D.C., circumstances surrounding it |
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Definition
| South was angry that the whole country was assuming state debts incurred primarily in the North, and that slaves were not being counted as full persons for purposes of assigning the number of representatives that each state would have in the House. As part of the Compromise Plan adopted at the Constitutional Convention, it was agreed that the nation’s capitol would be located in the South. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set the length of time which immigrants must live in the U.S. in order to become legal citizens. |
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Term
| 277. Major L’Enfant, Benjamin Banneker |
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Definition
| Architects of Washington, D.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey |
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Term
| 279. Washington’s Farewell Address |
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Definition
| He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances |
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Term
| 280. Election of 1796: President Adams, Vice-president Jefferson |
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Definition
| The first true election (when Washington ran, there was never any question that he would be elected). Adams was a Federalist, but Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican. |
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Term
| 281. New states: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee |
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Definition
| After the western land claims were settled, _______ ___________ ____________ (in that order) were added to the United States under the Constitution. |
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Term
| 282. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans |
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Definition
| The first two political parties. |
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Term
| 283. Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Party leaders and supporters |
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Definition
| The leading Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The leading Democratic- Republicans were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. |
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Term
| 284. Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Programs |
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Definition
| Federalist programs were the National Bank and taxes to support the growth of industry. The Democratic-Republicans opposed these programs, favoring state banks and little industry. |
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Term
| 285. Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Philosophies |
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Definition
| Federalists believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and strict interpretation of the Constitution. |
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Term
| 286. Federalists / Democratic-Republicans: Foreign proclivities |
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Definition
| Federalists supported Britain, while the Democratic-Republicans felt that France was the U.S.’s most important ally. |
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Term
| 287. Society of the Cincinnati |
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Definition
| secret society formed by officers of the Continental Army. |
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Term
| 288. Democratic societies |
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Definition
| Clubs which met for discussion, designed to keep alive the philosophies of the American Revolution. |
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Term
| 289. Alien and Sedition Acts |
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Definition
consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress:
the Naturalization Act
the Alien Act
the Alien Enemy Act
the Sedition Act |
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Term
| 290. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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Definition
| declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. |
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Term
| 291. Doctrine of Nullification |
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Definition
| Expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it said that states could nullify federal laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a _________ |
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Term
| 294. Jefferson’s Inaugural Address |
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Definition
| Declared that he would avoid foreign alliances. |
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Term
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Definition
| stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. |
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Term
| 296. Second Great Awakening |
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Definition
| series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. |
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Term
| 297. Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) |
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Definition
| American painter, most famous for painting the portrait of Washington which was copied for the one dollar bill. |
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Term
| 298. Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827) |
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Definition
| An American naturalist painter. |
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Term
| 299. French Alliance of 1778 |
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Definition
| France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second great democratic revolution, taking place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. |
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