Term
| Why is the forearm pronated in Erb-Duchenne palsy? |
|
Definition
| loss of function of biceps brachii |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule can cross the blood-brain barrier most easily? (lipid/nonlipid, polar/nonpolar) |
|
Definition
| Lipid-soluable/nonpolar molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of portal hypertension? |
|
Definition
| --Esophageal varices --Hemorrhoids --Caput medusae |
|
|
Term
| If you break your medial epicondyle of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lobe of the brain is the principal sensory area in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is L-dopa used for parkinsonism instead of dopamine? |
|
Definition
| L-dopa crosses the blood-brain barrier while dopamine does not. |
|
|
Term
| What nerve is known as the great extensor nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the major structures of the inner ear bony labyrinth? |
|
Definition
| 1. Cochlea- hearing 2. vestibule- linear acceleration 3. semicircular canals- angular acceleration. |
|
|
Term
| What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| --Opponens pollicis --Abductor pollicis brevis --Flexor pollicis brevis |
|
|
Term
| The fasciculus cuneatus contains fibers from the upper or lower body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Myenteric plexus located? |
|
Definition
| Between the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in GI tract wall. |
|
|
Term
| What gut regions and structures does the celiac artery supply? |
|
Definition
| 1.Foregut 2.--Stomach to duodenum --liver --gallbladder --pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What 3 muscles are lost in a lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve? |
|
Definition
| coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis |
|
|
Term
| What gut regions and structures does the SMA supply? |
|
Definition
| 1.Midgut 2.--Duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 locations for lesions in Syringomyelia? |
|
Definition
| ventral white commissure and ventral horns |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the peripheral nerve must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment? |
|
Definition
| The perineurium must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment. |
|
|
Term
| What defect may predispose an infant for a diaphragmatic hernia? |
|
Definition
| Defective development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane |
|
|
Term
| What 2 symptoms are seen with a lesion of the ulnar nerve? |
|
Definition
| Weak intrinsic muscles of the hand and Pope's blessing |
|
|
Term
| What is a Argyll Robertson pupil? |
|
Definition
| the eyes DO NOT constrict to light, but DO accommodate to near objects |
|
|
Term
| What are the major structures of the inner ear membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
| 1. Cochlear duct 2. utricle. 3. saccule 4. semicircular canals. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the arm hang by the side in Erb-Duchenne palsy? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of shoulder abductors |
|
|
Term
| Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels? |
|
Definition
| Suspensory ligament of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence when your CNS stimulates the gamma motor neuron and the intrafusal fibers contract? |
|
Definition
| increased sensitivity of the reflex arc |
|
|
Term
| What structures make up the bronchopulmonary segment? |
|
Definition
| Tertiary bronchus, Bronchial artery, and Pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by what artery? |
|
Definition
| Right Coronary Artery (RCA) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 blood barriers does the body have? |
|
Definition
| blood-brain, blood-gas, blood-testis |
|
|
Term
| The xiphoid process exists in what dermatome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layers of the gut wall contribute to support (3)? |
|
Definition
| --Serosa --Lamina propria --Submucosa |
|
|
Term
| The nipple exists in what dermatome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The umbilicus exists in what dermatome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classic symptoms of Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the input and output of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| input - mammillary body, output - cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual pathology below the pectinate line of the rectum? |
|
Definition
| External hemorrhoids (painful) Squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What layers of the gut wall contribute to motility (4)? |
|
Definition
| --Muscularis mucosae --Inner circular muscle layer --Myenteric plexus --Outer longitudinal muscle layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) “3,4,5 keeps the diaphram alive” |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 clinical findings of the arm in Erb-Duchenne palsy? |
|
Definition
| arm hangs by the side, medially rotated, forearm is pronated |
|
|
Term
| Which lung provides a space for the heart to occupy? |
|
Definition
| Left lung (in the place of the middle lobe) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Submucosal plexus? |
|
Definition
| Regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption. |
|
|
Term
| What is the venous drainage difference above and below the pectinate line? |
|
Definition
| --Superior rectal v. to internal mesenteric vein to portal system (Above) --Inferior rectal v. to internal pudendal v. to internal iliac v. to IVC (Below) |
|
|
Term
| What reflex is lost in a lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the course of a direct inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| Through weak abdominal wall, into the inguinal triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric artery, through the external inguinal ring only. |
|
|
Term
| Do the coronary arteries fill during systole or diastole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coronary artery occlusion usually occurs where? |
|
Definition
| Left anterior descending artery (LAD) |
|
|
Term
| Which meningeal layer is not pierced during an LP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bell's Palsy is seen as a complication in what 5 things? |
|
Definition
| AIDS, Lyme disease, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes (ALexander Bell with STD) |
|
|
Term
| At what level is a lumbar puncture performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rupture of the middle menigeal artery causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rupture of the superior cerebral veins causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a lymph node? Include information on structural components. |
|
Definition
| A secondary lymphoid organ. Has many afferents, one or more efferents. With trabeculae. Major histological regions = Follicle, Medulla, Paracortex |
|
|
Term
| What two bones do all the foramina of the posterior cranial fossa pass through? |
|
Definition
| temporal and occipital bones |
|
|
Term
| What type of lesion is seen in Poliomyelitis and is it genetic or acquired? |
|
Definition
| acquired LMN lesion causing flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What muscle sensor senses tension and provides inhibitory feedback to alpha motor neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endoneurium invests single nerve fiber of the peripheral nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the long thoracic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers do the corticospinal tracts carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain from the diaphragm is usually referred where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 4 characteristics of an UMN lesion. |
|
Definition
| spastic paralysis, increased deep tendon reflexes, + Babinski, minor to no atrophy |
|
|
Term
| CN VII passes through what 'hole'? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the heart does the LAD supply? |
|
Definition
| Anterior Interventricular Septum |
|
|
Term
| What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: physical support, repair, K+ metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures do the broad ligament contain (4)? |
|
Definition
| Round ligaments of the uterus, Ovaries, Uterine tubules and Uterine vessels |
|
|
Term
| The Blood-Brain Barrier is formed by what 3 structures? |
|
Definition
| Choriod Plexus Epithelium, Intracerebral Capillary Endothelium, Astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| How does the hypothalamus control the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| via releasing factors (ie. TRH, CRF, GnRF, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| How does the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve differ from that of the right? |
|
Definition
| The left wraps around the arch of the aorta and the ligamentum arteriosum while the right wraps around the subclavian artery. |
|
|
Term
| What is the course of the ureters? |
|
Definition
| Pass under uterine artery and under the ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| What 3 muscles are lost in a lesion of the radial nerve? |
|
Definition
| triceps brachii, brachioradialis, and extensor carpi radialis longus |
|
|
Term
| Traction or tear of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus causes what syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's tip) |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes are in the right and left lungs and what are their names? |
|
Definition
| --Right has three (superior,middle,inferior) --Left has two (superior and inferior) and the lingula |
|
|
Term
| The fasciculus gracilis contains fibers from the upper or lower body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers do the spinothalmic tracts carry? |
|
Definition
| sensory - pain and temperature |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Golgi tendon organs send their signal via what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pudendal nerve block is performed at what landmark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Myenteric plexus? |
|
Definition
| Coordinates motility along entire gut wall. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Myenteric plexus also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subarachnoid space extends to what spinal level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the spinal cord is spared with complete occlusion of the ventral artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually provides the blood supply for the inferior left ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Posterior descending artery (PD) of the RCA |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The area of the body that contains the appendix is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 areas have sensation deficit in a lesion of the median nerve? |
|
Definition
| Lateral palm/thumb and the radial 2 1/2 fingers |
|
|
Term
| Which way does the head deviate in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of CN XI? (toward or away) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obturator nerve damage manifests what deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The male sexual response of erection is mediated by what part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the small muscle fiber type that regulates muscle length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle fiber type makes up the muscle bulk and provides the force for contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What symptom is seen with a lesion of the median nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle extorts, elevates, and adducts the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From which 3 spinal roots does long thoracic nerve arises? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What symptom is seen with a lesion of the axillary nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the inguinal (Hesselbach) triangle? |
|
Definition
| --Inferior epigastric artery --Lateral border of the rectus abdominus --Inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What 2 areas have sensation deficit in a lesion of the ulnar nerve? |
|
Definition
| Medial palm and the ulnar 1 1/2 fingers |
|
|
Term
| Which lung is the usual site of an inhaled foreign body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the membranous labyrinth filled with? Describe its composition. |
|
Definition
| The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph. Endolymph is K+ rich, similar to ICF. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the arm medially rotated in Erb-Duchenne palsy? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of the lateral rotators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stomach contents herniate upward through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What 2 spinal roots make up the superior trunk of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the type of movement with sudden, jerky, purposeless movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 movements are impaired in a lesion of the ulnar nerve? |
|
Definition
| wrist flexion, wrist adduction, thumb adduction, and adduction of the 2 ulnar fingers |
|
|
Term
| Is the Babinski reflex (positive or negative) when the big toe dorsiflexes and the other toes fan-out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a lesion of the radial nerve, what muscle is associated with wrist drop? |
|
Definition
| extensor carpi radialis longus |
|
|
Term
| Intrafusal fibers are innervated by what motor neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lesion is seen in Multiple Sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| random asymmetric lesions in mostly white matter of the cervical region |
|
|
Term
| If you break your surgical neck of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you break your supracondyle of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you break your humerus mid-shaft, which nerve would likely injure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the rotator cuff muscles. |
|
Definition
| --Supraspinatus --Infraspinatus --teres minor --Subscapularis |
|
|
Term
| What neurons do the GI enteric plexus contain? |
|
Definition
| Cell bodies of parasympathetic terminal effector neurons |
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord ends at what level in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery do the lateral striate branch off of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 movements are lost in a lesion of the median nerve? |
|
Definition
| forearm pronation, wrist flexion, finger flexion, and several thumb movements |
|
|
Term
| How is the appendix located? |
|
Definition
| 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine |
|
|
Term
| An aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery may cause what type of defects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of pancreas are the Islets of Langerhans concentrated? |
|
Definition
| Islets of Langerhans are most numerous in the tail of pancreas. |
|
|
Term
| Name five portal-systemic anastomoses. |
|
Definition
| Left gastric-azygous vv. Superior-Middle/Inferior rectal vv. Paraumbilical-inferior epigastric Retroperitoneal-renal vv. Retroperitoneal-paravertebral vv. |
|
|
Term
| If the radial nerve is lesioned, what 2 reflexes are lost? |
|
Definition
| triceps reflex and brachioradialis reflex |
|
|
Term
| What is the direct pathway from the striatum to the cortex? |
|
Definition
| The striatum to the substantia nigra pars reticularis /medial globus pallidus to the thalamus to the cortex (excitatory path) |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| Waiter's tip (Erb-Duchenne palsy) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Submucosal plexus located? |
|
Definition
| Between mucosa and inner layer of smooth muscle in GI tract wall. |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's patients typically have what type of movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers do the dorsal columns carry? |
|
Definition
| sensory - pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception |
|
|
Term
| When is a positive Babinski a normal reflex? |
|
Definition
| during the first year of life |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the radial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the course of an indirect inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| Through the internal (deep) inguinal ring and the external (superficial) inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric artery and into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What condition is usually associated with portal hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Submucosal plexus also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures perforate the diaphragm at what vertebral levels? |
|
Definition
| IVC at T8, Esophagus and Vagal trunks at T10, and Aorta, Thoracic duct, and Axygous vein at T12 “I 8 10 Eggs At 12” |
|
|
Term
| What are the input and output of the septal area? |
|
Definition
| input - hippocampal formation, output - hippocampal formation |
|
|
Term
| How are the fibers of the dorsal column laminated? (legs/arms medial or lateral?) |
|
Definition
| legs-medial, arms-lateral |
|
|
Term
| How do glucose and amino acids cross the blood-brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| carrier-mediated transport mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Intrafusal fibers are encapsulated and make up muscle spindles that send their signal via what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease does Tabes Dorsalis result from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The male sexual response of emission is mediated by what part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: peripheral myelin production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a diaphragmatic hernia? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal retroperitoneal structures enter the thorax |
|
|
Term
| What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: inner lining of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: central myelin production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endolymph is made by the stria vascularis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protrusions of peritoneum through an opening, usually sites of weakness. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of peripheral nerves? (inner to outer) |
|
Definition
| Endoneurium, Perineurium and Epineurium |
|
|
Term
| Visual fibers from the lateral geniculate body terminate on the upper and lower banks of what fissure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is in the femoral triangle but not in the femoral sheath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons from the globus pallidus have what action on the ventral anterior nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lobe of the brain is the premotor area in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gut regions and structures does the IMA supply? |
|
Definition
| 1.Hindgut 2.--Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to upper portion of rectum |
|
|
Term
| A lesion of the optic chiasm produces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the hypothenar muscles. |
|
Definition
| --Opponens digiti minimi --Abductor digiti minimi --Flexor digiti minimi |
|
|
Term
| What 1 nerve root is assoc. with the triceps reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 spinal roots make up the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vagal nuclei sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI? |
|
Definition
| dorsal motor nucleus of CN X |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 characteristics of Tabes Dorsalis? |
|
Definition
| impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia (3 syphillis) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 segments of the brachial plexus in order from proximal to distal. |
|
Definition
| roots - trunks - divisions - cords - branches |
|
|
Term
| A common football injury caused by clipping from the lateral side will damage what structures (3 answers)? |
|
Definition
| --Medial collateral ligament --Medial meniscus --Anterior cruciate ligament |
|
|
Term
| What type of lesion is seen in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and is it genetic or acquired? |
|
Definition
| genetic LMN lesion causing flaccid paralysis (aka. Floppy infant disease) |
|
|
Term
| The embryologic defect of having a cervical rib can compress what 2 structures? |
|
Definition
| Subclavian artery and Inferior trunk of the brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 ligaments of the uterus. |
|
Definition
| --Suspensory ligament of ovaries --Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament --Round ligament of uterus --Broad ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epineurium (dense connective tissue) surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 symptoms are seen with a lesion of the musculocutaneus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Difficulty flexing the arm (biceps) and Variable sensory loss (lateral antebrachial cutaneous) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the outer structure of a Peyer's patch. |
|
Definition
| A Peyer's patch is 'covered' by single layer of cuboidal enterocytes, interspersed with specialized M cells (no goblet cells). |
|
|
Term
| A lumbar puncture is performed at what landmark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What spinal cord levels are vertebral disk herniation most likely to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The femoral triangle contains what structures from lateral to medial? |
|
Definition
| --Femoral nerve --Femoral artery --Femoral vein --Femoral Canal (lymphatics) |
|
|
Term
| What 4 'muscles' does the radial nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist and fingers, Supinator, Triceps. (BEST) |
|
|
Term
| What muscular disorder is a medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome associated with? |
|
Definition
| Multiple Sclerosis (MLF=MS) |
|
|
Term
| What structures are pierced when doing an LP? |
|
Definition
| 1.Skin/superficial fascia 2.Ligaments 3.Epidural space 4.Dura mater 5.Subdural space 6.Arachnoid 7.Subarachnoid space--CSF |
|
|
Term
| How are the fibers of the corticospinal tract laminated? (legs/arms medial or lateral?) |
|
Definition
| arms- medial, legs-lateral |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures pass between the anterior and middle scalene |
|
Definition
| Brachial Plexus and subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| What structure passes anterior to the anterior scalene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the internal thoracic artery arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following healing, which type of bone replaces the fractured area? |
|
Definition
| Woven bone (random, weaker, unorganized) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the internal thoracic artery |
|
Definition
| Superior epigastric and musculophrenic (to supply the diaphram) |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the aorta does not have vasa vasorum? |
|
Definition
| Descending/Abdominal Aorta (thus why you see most anuerysms here for atherosclerosis) |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary syphillis attacks what structure in the aorta |
|
Definition
| Vasa Vasorum of the aortic arch (anuerysm!!) |
|
|
