Term
| Nebular Hypothesis (4 Steps) |
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Definition
1. Contracting of nebula
2. Flatten&rotation of nebula
3. Formation of rings
4. Accretion of planetary Rings |
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Term
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Definition
| Large gaseous cloud, exploding star (made of hydrogen mostly) |
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Term
| What are Terrestrial Planets Composition? |
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Definition
| Small, high temperatures, rocky to metallic |
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Term
| What are Jovian Planets Composition? |
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Definition
| Large, colder temperatures, gaseous |
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Term
| What are the two types of earths crusts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the continental crust made of? |
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Definition
| granitic and lightweight materials (quartz and feldspar) |
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Term
| What is the oceanic crust made of? |
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Definition
| Basalt, which is dense and heavier the continental crust |
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Term
| Name the layers of the earth starting from the middle... |
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Definition
| inner core, outer core, mantle and crust |
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Term
| Where and what properties does the Asthenosphere contain? |
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Definition
| Within the upper mantle and is hot, weak and mobile |
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Term
| Where and what properties does the Lithosphere have? |
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Definition
| Includes the earths crust and upper mantle is cold and ridgid |
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Term
| What are the three types of plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| Divergent, convergent and transform boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| new crust is created as the plates move away from each other. Oceans are born |
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Term
| Where is new earth crust created? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is an example of a divergent Boundary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Convergent Boundaries (Subduction) |
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Definition
| crust destroyed and the one plate dives under another |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Convergent Boundaries? |
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Definition
| Oceanic-continental, Oceanic-Oceanic and Continental-Continenal |
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Term
| Oceanic-Continental Subduction |
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Definition
| Oceanic plate subducts under continental plates (Large earthquakes) |
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Term
| Oceanic-Oceanic Subduction |
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Definition
| one is subducted under the other in the ocean creating oceanic trenches (Formation of volcanoes, island arcs |
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Term
| Continental-Continental Subduction |
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Definition
| colliding of plates force crust up to form mountains |
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Term
| Where is the Asthenosphere Located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transform-Fault Boundaries |
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Definition
| two plates sliding horizontally past one another. |
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Term
| What are two good examples of convergent boundaries? |
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Definition
| Andean and Cascade volcanoes |
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Term
| How many plate tectonics are there? |
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Definition
| 7 large ones with a few smaller ones |
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Term
| When did the big bang occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How long has life been on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock below the earths surface |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock the is above the earths surface |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of volcanoes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flat, broad, basalt lava flow, non explosive (5 shield volcanoes on hawaii) |
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Term
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Definition
| Very steep, on flanks of shield volcanoes, usually errupt once. |
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Term
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Definition
| sloping slides, small vent, highly explosive, andestic |
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Term
| Where do most strato Volcanoes form? |
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Definition
| Convergent plate boundaries |
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Term
| Lava Flow: Basalt, Pahoehoe |
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Definition
| smooth, billowy and ropey |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of lava is associated with Plinian Eruptions? |
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Definition
| Rhyolitic Lava, tephra is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| PARICUTIN, MEXICO Mauna kea, Sunset crater and La Poruna |
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Term
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Definition
| Collapsing of land after a volcanic erruption, large depression *****Think Crater lake Oregon or Yellowstone |
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Term
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Definition
| Scoria Cone, errupted for 7 years |
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Term
| Deccan and Siberian Flood |
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Definition
| massive volcanic eruptions related to some of the largest mass destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural glass rocks formed by large meteorite impacts on earth |
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Term
| What extinction is related to deacan floods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What extinction is related to the Siberian Floods? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tunguska (June 30th, 1908) |
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Definition
| major impact of an extraterrestrial object, happened in central Siberia, killed tens of thousands of animals |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Magma? |
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Definition
| Mafic, intermediate and Felsic |
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Term
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Definition
| meteorite produced crater, 2 rocks at site of impact, 10km wide |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of a Pyroclastic Falls? |
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Definition
| Galores, Columbia 1993 and Mt Vesuvius |
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Term
| Where is an example of a Pyroclastic Flow? |
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Definition
| Mt. Pele it destroyed St. Pierre |
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Term
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Definition
| The change that a rock body undergoes in volume and or shape. |
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Term
| What force produces Deformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of stress? |
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Definition
| Compression, Tension and Shear |
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Term
| Which type of stress will shorten rock bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of stress with lengthen rock bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different types of deformation? |
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Definition
| Elastic, plastic and brittle |
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Term
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Definition
| Springs back and bending (temporary change) |
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Term
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Definition
| Folding and flowing (permanent) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the zone of Brittle Deformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the zone of Plastic Deformation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when a rock breaks, it releases energy and a fault |
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Term
| What kind of motion does a Dip-slip fault use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a normal Dip-slip fault? Which kind of stress produces this? |
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Definition
| Hanging wall move down in relation to the footwall. Tension Stress |
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Term
| Reverse and thrust dip-slip fault, which stress causes this? |
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Definition
| hanging wall moves up in relation to the footwall. Compressional stress |
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Term
| What kind of motion is need for a Strike-slip Fault? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a strike-slip fault be viewed in cross section? |
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Definition
| No, only from the earths surface |
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Term
| Right Lateral Strike-slip Fault |
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Definition
| left side moves to the left |
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Term
| Left Lateral Strike-slip Fault |
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Definition
| Left side move to the right |
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Term
| What kind of deformation is reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| if a rock deforms in a brittle fashion under compression what features will be produced? |
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Definition
| cracks, fracture and clear displacement |
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Term
| Folds are what type of deformation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of boundary is at the San Andres fault? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the source of the earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
| area on surface above the hypocenter |
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Term
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Definition
| explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| direct measure of earthquakes strength |
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Term
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Definition
| measure the effects of earthquakes at any given local point |
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Term
| what scales measure the intensity of earthquakes? |
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Definition
| Measured with a scale called Mercalli Intensity scale |
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Term
| what scales measure the magnitude of earthquakes? |
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Definition
| Richter scale and moment magnitude scale |
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Term
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Definition
| P-S interval is the method used for finding the earthquakes epicenter |
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Term
| Does the P-S interval get smaller or larger with increasing distance from the epicenter? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many seismograph stations are need to determine the location of a epicenter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location for the epicenter using p-s interval called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large recurrance intervals and can generate great earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrations produced by the rapid release of energy through earth |
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Term
| What area has the highest concentration of earthquakes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a stable rough spot on a fault, locked in place |
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Term
| How do do you measure dilation? |
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Definition
| ground tilt, foreshocks, electrical conductivity and radon level |
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Term
| What part of the San Andreas Fault has a recurrence level of about 22 years? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of body waves? |
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Definition
| Primary (p-waves) and Secondary (s-waves) |
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Term
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Definition
| p-waves change in volume, there the fastest and waves of compression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between Body waves and Surface waves? |
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Definition
| Body waves are earth interior and surface waves are on the surface of the earth |
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Term
| Which wave is the first to arrive on a seismograph? (fastest) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of surface waves? |
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Definition
| Rayleigh Waves and Love waves |
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Term
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Definition
| change in shape, similar to ocean waves except move backwards |
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Term
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Definition
| like rayleigh waves they change in shape but they move side to side |
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Term
| What are surface waves also called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large oceanic wave(series of waves) |
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Term
| Where do the most tsunamis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are most tsunamis caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can produce a tsunami? (VLMME) |
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Definition
| Volcanic eruption, landslide, meteorite impact and earthquakes |
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Term
| Which ocean do most tsunamis occur? why? |
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Definition
| Pacific ocean beacause rim the of fire |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Influx of water then earthquake ocurrs |
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Term
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Definition
| down-slope motion of material under the influence of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| any rapid form of mass wasting |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradient and stability of slope and the influence of water |
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Term
| how does water enhance mass wasting? |
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Definition
| if water is added it increases the weigh which will increase the force of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| the accumilation of material which creates a slope |
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Term
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Definition
| The steepest angle at which material will remain stable |
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Term
| What deformation causes folds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of deformation create faults? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| right lateral, strike-sliip fault and left stepping |
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Term
| What type of faults would you expect and divergent plate boundrys? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of fault would you expect at convergent plate boundry's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of faults would you expect at transform plate boundries? |
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Definition
| Strike Slip Fault caused by Shear Stress |
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Term
| What type of stress can be produced from a bend in a strike-slip fault? |
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Definition
| localized area of compression or tension |
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Term
| What is important about the Los Angles basin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which zone is associated with the deepest earthquakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plate boundry is know for the deepest earthquakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does s-waves produce most of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| well defined surface and intact body |
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Term
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Definition
| moves internally (mud, earth or debris) |
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Term
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Definition
| estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic ground motion |
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Term
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Definition
| build natural frequency of motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place loose, wet sediment. Building can sink into ground creating a flow |
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Term
| what type of waves are largely responsible for base shear and resonance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of P, L and S waves which one travels the fastest? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does water effect Mass Wasting? |
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Definition
| adds weight, lubrication and cohesion |
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Term
| What kind of environment do mudflows occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of environment do earth-flows occur? |
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Definition
| common in wet environments |
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Term
| What two things do you need for a tornado to occur? |
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Definition
| thunderstorms and wind speeds of 100-200mph |
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Term
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Definition
| air rises, cools and expands. Produces clouds, heavy rains, quick storms, thunder and lighting |
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Term
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Definition
| Low clouds, overcast skies and drizzly conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| cold front overtakes warm front creating a combination of weather |
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Term
| 1st Stage of a thunderstorm: Early Stage |
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Definition
| cloud building stage, constant updrafts (warm air pushed up) |
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Term
| 2nd stage of thunderstorms: Mature Stage |
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Definition
| up and down drafts, greatest amount of rainfall |
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Term
| Stage 3 of thunderstorms: Dissipating Stage |
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Definition
| lower clouds, rain will cease |
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Term
| In which thunderstorm stage will hail form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form of static electricity, build up of electrons |
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Term
| What has to happen for thunder to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sound will thunder make if lighting is far away? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sound will thunder make if lighting is close? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of Tornados occur in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the US are tornados most common and what time of year? |
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Definition
| Plain states and the midwest, late spring to early summer |
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Term
| What is the Largest record tornado in the US? |
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Definition
| Tri-state tornado 1925, category 5, Missouri, illinois and Indiana. Killed 689 people and destroyed 23 cities |
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Term
| What is the average diameter if a hurricane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average diameter of the eye of a hurricane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average height of a hurricane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces Hurricanes? |
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Definition
| mt air (as it is unstable), it cant be on land, born around the equator. |
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Term
| Will or can a hurricane cross the equator? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Wind speeds 74mph or greater |
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Term
| What is the most dangerous part of a hurricane? |
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Definition
| Eye wall (thickest clouds, heaviest rainfall, greatest windspeed) |
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Term
| What is the safest part of a hurricane? |
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Definition
| The eye cause a its localized pressure systems |
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Term
| What are the destructive Effects of Hurricanes? |
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Definition
| Wind speeds, flooding and storm surge |
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Term
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Definition
| Large amount of water that exist below the storm |
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Term
| What 2 other names are there for Hurricanes? |
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Definition
| Cyclone (Indian Ocean) and Typhoon (western pacific) |
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Term
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Definition
| moving object over a rotating earth. |
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Term
| When did the temperature on earth start to increase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most destructive hurricane to hit the us until Katrina, Category 4. $20 billion in damages, 52 died |
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Term
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Definition
| area drained by river, separated by dividers and small or continental in size |
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Term
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Definition
| the line separating neighbouring drainage basins |
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Term
| What is global warming caused by? |
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Definition
| rise in carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases) in our atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Solar radiation is the energy for all weather conditions in the form of heat energy |
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Term
| What do cold fronts often produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common direction of air movement in the US? |
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Definition
| East to west, the same way the earth rotates |
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Term
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Definition
| the level below which a stream can no longer erode. Ultimate base level=sea level because water cant flow uphill |
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Term
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Definition
| local and rapid, start and finish fast, flash floods, its more likely to rain in upland region (not many cities in upland valleys) |
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Term
| What type of flood kills the most people but doesnt cause much monetary damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of flood causes the most monetary damage but kills the least people? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Regional and prolonged, takes a long time for water to build up and then stays for a long time. |
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Term
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Definition
| fast flowing, narrow air currents found in the atmosphere |
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Term
| What is essential for clouds to form? |
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Definition
| As air rises, it cools and expands creating clouds |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of Air Masses? |
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Definition
| Continental (C), Marine (m), Polar (p) and Tropical (T) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hot and wet (most unstable) |
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Term
| What % of water on earth is ocean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of water on earth is Glaciers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of water on earth is ground water? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| lava rises and produces a dome at the vent (think plug) |
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Term
| Do seismic waves speed up or slow down as they travel through looser material? |
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Definition
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Term
| What scale measures Tornados? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are hurricanes produced? |
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Definition
| 5-20degrees north and south of the equator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hot, volcanism, shallow earthquakes, young ages |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold, lack of volcanoes, deep earthquakes and old ages |
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Term
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Definition
| You have to have thunder storms, grown in clouds and fall once they are to heavy |
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Term
| How big is the largest hail stone that been recorded? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are most US tornadoes generated? |
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Definition
| east of the rocky mountain front range |
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Term
| As a cloud tilts from its jet stream what happens? |
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Definition
| Clouds called super cells form which is the beginning of a tornado |
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