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| the number of years between same-sized events |
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| earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, volcanos, etc. |
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| The four primary energy sources that make Earth an active body: |
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| The impact of extraterrestrial bodies, gravity, Earth's internal heat, and the Sun |
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| pressure that could cause strain |
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| Occurs when stress is applied rapidly |
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| As stress differences increase, the _____ _____ is reached and permanent strain occurs. |
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| Isostasy (Greek ísos "equal", stásis "standstill") is a term used in geology to refer to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. |
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| List spheres from highest to deepest: |
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| Atmosphere, Continent, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesophere |
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| Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building")[1] is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory builds on the concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century. |
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| The gigantic pieces of lithosphere pull apart during seafloor spreading at _______ _____, slide past at _________ _____, or collide at ________ _____. |
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| divergence zones, transform faults, convergence zones |
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| If segments of one fault have moved recently, then it seems reasonable to expect that the unmoved portions will move next and thus fill the gaps. |
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| ________ _____ drives Earth's tectonic plates |
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| In geology, a rift or chasm is a place where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart[1] and is an example of extensional tectonics.[2] |
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| forms the acute angle, normal fault puts this higher than the hanging wall |
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| forms the obtuse angle, normal fault puts this lower than the foot wall |
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| A “great” natural disaster...... |
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| is so overwhelming that outside assistance is needed to handle the rescue and recovery for the region. |
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| Event Magnitude vs. Intensity |
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Magnitude - A measure of the energy released by the event.
-Indirect measure (i.e., Richter scale) Intensity - A measure of damage
-(i.e., Mercalli, Fujita scales) |
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| Magnitude and Frequency of events has a _______ relationship. |
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| Energy is the capacity to do _____ |
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| force acting over a distance |
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| the rate at which work is accomplished. |
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| Energy Sources for Catastrophes...... |
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...are the same energy sources responsible for the maintenance of Earth Systems:
• Heat from the Earth • Heat from the Sun • Gravity • Impacts |
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| What drives the tectonic plates? |
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| _____ and _______ ______ of the plates produces volcanoes and earthquakes. |
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| Movement, differential heating |
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| Solar power to the Earth is ____ times greater than the geothermal heat at the surface. |
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| Catastrophic processes in heat transfer include which severe storms? |
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| • Heavy rain (producing floods) • Hurricanes • Tornadoes • Lightning • Blizzards • Wild Fires |
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| mass movements of earth materials (falls, slides, flows) and flow of water (floods) |
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| Where is the Ring of Fire? |
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| Surrounding the Pacific Ocean |
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| Plate movements result in boundaries that exhibit: (3 things) |
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| Divergence (Extension), Convergence (Compression), Transform motion (Shearing) |
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| What is an example of Divergent Plate boundaries? |
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| is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge |
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1. Jig-Saw Puzzle
2. Same fossils on different continents
3. Rocks and Mountain Belts
4. Ancient Glaciers |
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| Position of rupture (energy relaese) at depth in the earth |
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| Position on the surface directly above the point of rupture in the subsurface (i.e., hypocenter) |
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| P (Primary) Waves - compression waves |
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| Shake parallel to the direction of propogation, travel at 4-7 km/sec |
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| S (secondary) Waves - shearing waves |
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| Shake perpendicular to the direction of propagation, travel at 3-4 km/sec |
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Love waves – side to side motion
Rayleigh waves – backward rotation/ rolling motion |
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Measure of the relative size of an earthquake, related to the amount of energy released.
Determined from the amplitude of the wave trace on the seismograph. |
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| Mw = 2/3 log10 (Mo) – 6 where Mo is the seismic moment or the amount of strain energy released by movement along whole rupture surface |
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| Ground Shaking, Motion, Ruptures, uplift/subsidence, Liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis |
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Wavelength: 100-200 km
Periods: 10-20 min
Velocity: 200 m/s
Height at sea: 1-2 m
Height at shore: Up to 30 m |
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| In geology, liquefaction refers to the process by which saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid. |
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| A section of a fault that has produced earthquakes in the past but is now quiet. |
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| An area on a fault that is stuck. The earthquake rupture usually begins at an asperity. |
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| Directed rupturing sends energy in the direction of fault movement |
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| Relatively smaller earthquakes that precede the largest earthquake in a series, which is termed the mainshock. Not all mainshocks have foreshocks. |
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| Earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence. |
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| are where continental rifting began, but then failed to continue to the point of break-up. |
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| is a linear oceanic feature--often hundreds, even thousands of kilometers long--resulting from the action of offset mid-ocean ridge axis segments. They are a consequence of plate tectonics. |
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| Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite |
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| Viscosity, Volatiles, Volume |
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| Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress. |
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Aa: Coarse and rough
Pahoehoe: Smooth and ropy |
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| Formed with alternating layers of Ash and Lava |
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| Fine Ash, Coarse Ash, Cinders |
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| A large depression generally caused by the removal of large quantities of magma from beneath a volcano, causing the ground to "collapse" into the emptied space |
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