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| To understand earthquakes, we must understand... |
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| Two types of Seismic Waves |
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1) Body Waves
2) Surface Waves |
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P- Waves
S- Waves
(Travel through the Earth) |
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| Two types of Surface Waves |
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Raleigh Waves
Love Waves
(Travel on the SURFACE of the earth) |
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| 4 Characteristics of P-Waves |
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1) Primary
2) ComPressional
3) Parallel
4) Can travel through Fluid |
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| 3 Characteristics of S-Waves |
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1) Secondary
2) Shear (Vibrate Side-to-Side)
3) Cannot Swim |
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| Occurs at a boundary where the energy is bounced back to medium |
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| Occurs at a boundary transmitted into next medium |
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| Size of the wave (amount of energy) |
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| Change in shape as a result of stress |
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| stress is removed, strain stays |
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| Two types of permanent strain |
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1) Brittle-breakable
2) Ductile- Flows |
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1) Compressional- putting pressure on an inward direction
2) Tensional- Pulling Apart
3) Sheer- parallel |
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| 3 things that control type of strain |
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1) Type of Stress
2) How much Stress
3) Type of Material- competent or incompetent |
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| If the strain rate is faster.. |
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Ductle Behavior-->
Brittle Behavior--> |
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Ductle-Folds
Brittle-Faults |
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| A plane across which there has been relative motion |
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| Strike- Horizontal line in the plan |
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| Direction of maximum slope into the ground |
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| 2 types-Strike Slip Faults |
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1) Left Lateral
2) Right Lateral |
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2 types- Dip Slip Fault
*Down/Up? |
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1) Foot wall
2) Head/Hanging wall
*normal-down
*reverse- up |
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Intensity
How is it measured? |
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Scale of I-XII (1-12)
Qualitative Measure
Subjective |
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Quantitative Measure
Objective
Open-Ended
Logarithmic |
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| Locating An Epicenter (3) |
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1)Focus Points in the Earth's Interior (S & P waves)
2) Record Travel Time Residual (S-P Times)
3) Convert Time to Distance |
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| Rocks are bending at slow rates, they bend until they snap back to original position |
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Normal-Compression in middle
Reverse- Extension in middle |
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