Term
| Why do some authorities think that a Chinese emperor used spectacles? |
|
Definition
| As a badge of knowledge and authority |
|
|
Term
| To whom is the invention of spectacles generally credited? |
|
Definition
| Salvino d'Armati of Florence (1285) |
|
|
Term
| What were the first kind of lenses that were used, and how was the power determined? |
|
Definition
| Convex (+) lenses - power determined by customer |
|
|
Term
| In what century were concave lenses developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When (what century) were toric lenses developed, and who developed them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To whom is the invention of temples generally credited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who wrote Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were "prescription opticians?" |
|
Definition
| Later known as "dispensing opticians" - simply provided spectacles |
|
|
Term
| What were "refracting opticians?" |
|
Definition
| Later known as "optometrists" - performed refraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A "person concerned with eyes" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turning the eyes outward from the median line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A totally colorblind individual (or a lens free from chromatic aberration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To turn the eyes inward toward the median line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uncorrectable blurred vision - no disease |
|
|
Term
| What is amblyopia ex anopsia? |
|
Definition
| Lazy eye - amblyopia due to lack of use (visual pathway fails to mature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The angle between the visual axis and the pupillary axis of the eye (measured at the nodal point) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unequal size of images formed on the two retinae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unequal turning of the eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of the crystalline lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An opaque white ring about corneal periphery (occurring in old age) |
|
|
Term
| Define argyll robertson pupil. |
|
Definition
| Partially miotic pupil which does not respond to light but does respond to accommodation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term for tired eye (headache) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a bacteriocidal drug and a bacteriostatic drug? |
|
Definition
| Bacteriostatic only prevents replication - allows host defense mechanism to work |
|
|
Term
| What does the root form bleph- refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-painful inflammation of the meibomian gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of an ocular structure missing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thinning of the cornea due to dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What are the corneal opacities? |
|
Definition
| Nebula (faint haze), Macula (moderate haze), Leucoma (dense white) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Operation by which the crystalline lens is displaced out of the line of vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depressed optic disc due to increased intraocular pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is a cycloplegic drug? |
|
Definition
| An agent which paralyzes the ciliary and sphincter pupillary muscles, resulting in a loss of ability to accommodate and mydriasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A spasm of the ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
| What does the root form dacry- refer to? |
|
Definition
| Tears or tear gland (lacrimal gland) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who can only respond to two primary colors - protanope is blind to red, deuteranope is blind to green, tritanope is blind to blue |
|
|
Term
| Define corneal deturgescence. |
|
Definition
| The state of relative dehydration maintained by the normal intact cornea which enables it to remain transparent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One having imperfect discrimination of colors; incomplete or partial color blindness |
|
|
Term
| What does the root form cor- refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the combining form ecto- refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal inward displacement of eyeball (opposite of exophthalmos) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete surgical removal of the eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency of eye to turn inward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of contents of globe, leaving outer protective coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removal of entire contents of orbit and lids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency of the eyes to turn outward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divergent strabismus; turning outward of an eye so the foveal line of sight fails to intersect on the object of fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blindness of half the visual field of one or both eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency of the eye to deviate, but alignment normal during fusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continual dilation and constriction of the pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection of the lid glands |
|
|
Term
| Define hyperphoria and hypophoria |
|
Definition
| Tendency for one eye to deviate upward and downward, respectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pus in the anterior chamber - associated with infectious diseases of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hole or slit pierced through the iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Krukenberg's spindle |
|
Definition
| Vertical streaks of pigment on corneal endothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to close the eyelid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agent which restricts the pupil |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for floaters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of correcting or reducing ametropic conditions by altering the shape of the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual training for the improvement of visual perception and efficient binocular vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cloudy infiltration of cornea with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeing under conditions of bright light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yellow nodule on conjunctiva on either side of the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A false appearance of myopia due to cyclospasm or failure of accommodation relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| False vision - hallucination or illusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encroachment of pinguecula onto the cornea - usually starting at the inner canthus |
|
|
Term
| What is retinitis pigmentosa? |
|
Definition
| Hereditary degeneration of retina with migration of pigmentation, resulting in contraction of the visual field and night blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abrupt voluntary shift in fixation from one point to another (as occurs in reading) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blind area in the visual field |
|
|
Term
| Define scotopic and photopic vision. |
|
Definition
| Seeing in conditions of dim and bright light, respectively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unexpected, unaided improvement of vision, especially of near vision in the aged, regarded as a sign of cataract development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition in which binocular fixation is not present. Also, heterotropia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attachment of palpebral and bulbar conjunctivas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adhesions of the iris to the cornea or crystalline len |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turning in of one or more lashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal color perception: responds to all three primary colors |
|
|
Term
| Define vergence and version |
|
Definition
| Vergence - movement of two eyes in opposite directions (usually laterally), version - movement of eyes in same direction (usually vertically) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dryness of conjunctiva and corneal epithelium due to Vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound used to cement lenses - n is similar to glass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A glass polishing compound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the Abbe number: the reciprocal of the dispersive power of an optical medium (high value = low dispersion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An instrument used to show stress points by the use of polarized light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point at which an image is sharply defined on the retina when accommodation is at rest |
|
|
Term
| What is a lenticular lens? |
|
Definition
| A lens which has a central area (usually 30-40mm) ground to the Rx; the rest has a shallow curve to reduce weight/thickness |
|
|
Term
| What is n for crown glass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the optical meaning of oblique? |
|
Definition
| The direction of any meridian other than 90 and 180 |
|
|
Term
| What is a periscopic lens? |
|
Definition
| A spherical lens with a BC of 1.25D |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of visible light wavelenghts, corresponding to what colors? |
|
Definition
| 400 (Violet) to 750 (Red) |
|
|
Term
| The angle of incidence and angle of reflection both have to do with the angle their respective rays make with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is n for flint glass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mathematical relationship between object distance (Do), image distance (Di), and lens power (D)? |
|
Definition
| Do + D = Di (Figures are all in diopters) |
|
|
Term
| What parts make up the fibrous tunic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the orbital fat? |
|
Definition
| Minimize friction from eye movements (more like thick oil) |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of the globe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter and thickness of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| 12mm diameter, .5mm thickness |
|
|
Term
| What ranges of eye separation distances are seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pupil diameter under average light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior chamber depth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of the optic disc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the bowman's and descement's membranes located? |
|
Definition
| Beneath the epithelium and above the endothelium, respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is the total refractive power of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much power does the cornea contribute to the eye's total refractive power? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much power does the lens contribute to the eye's total refractive power? |
|
Definition
| 17D at birth, gradually decreases during aging |
|
|
Term
| Where does the cornea get its glucose and oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Glucose from diffusion from aqueous layers, oxygen from the air |
|
|
Term
| What 1mm transition zone between the cornea and the sclera is an important surgical landmark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the velocity of light in miles per second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Snell's Law of Refraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of the thin lens equation? |
|
Definition
| 1/f = (n-1)(1/rf + 1/rb) and Dt = Df + Db |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick lens equation? |
|
Definition
| Dt = Df + Db + ((T*Df^2)/n) - where T is thickness in meters |
|
|
Term
| What is the magnification equation? |
|
Definition
| (1/f) = (1/p) + (1/q) - where p is the object and q is the image |
|
|
Term
| What four factors of ophthalmic lenses determine magnification? |
|
Definition
| Dioptric power, front curve, center thickness, and vertex distance |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic lens magnification equation? |
|
Definition
| Mt = Ms * Mp - where Mt is total magnification, Ms is magnification due to lens shape, and Mp is magnification due to lens power |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for magnification due to lens shape (Ms)? |
|
Definition
| (1-tDf/n)^-1 -- where t is center thickness in meters |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for magnification due to lens power (Mp)? |
|
Definition
| (1-Dh)^-1 -- where D is dioptric power and h is vertex distance in meters |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between base curve and magnification? |
|
Definition
| Magnification increases with base curve |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for effective power with respect to changes in vertex distance? |
|
Definition
| De = D/(1 +/- dD) - where d is distance lens is moved in meters; use + if distance from eye is decreased, - if distance from eye is increased |
|
|
Term
| What causes virtual images? |
|
Definition
| Rays of light being bent from their original path |
|
|
Term
| Where is the prism base in a + lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the prism base in a - lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the cornea will not form scars after injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the steepest portion of the anterior corneal surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria attacking the cornea would likely be killed by which layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The need to CORRECT presbyopic vision occurs when: |
|
Definition
| An individual cannot perform a needed visual task |
|
|
Term
| If a patient presents complaining of flashes and floaters, what would likely be suspected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located between the pigmented epithelium and the choriocapillaris? |
|
Definition
|
|
