Term
| some differences between the avian and mammalian skeletons |
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Definition
-Coracoids – a pair of bones that aid in wing movement and supplies additional support of shoulder joint,
-Cervical vertebrae (neck bones) – for an “S” shape, which are designed to minimize landing impact stresses on the head. the S shape provides more moveability
-Spinal vertebrae – are fused to add support for wing movement
birds have 1 occipital condile
-Bones of birds are also lighter in weight than in mammals,
-Some of the bones are hollow and actually act as part of the avian respiratory system. They are called pneumatic bones (New-Matic) and include the skull, humerus, clavicle, keel (sternum), pelvic girdle, and the lumbar and sacral vertebrate.
-Another important type of bone in the avian skeleton are medullary (Med-ULarry) bones. These include the tibia, femur, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toes and scapula. Medullary bones are an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. The medullary bone is estrogen dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of bones that aid in wing movement and supplies additional support of shoulder joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how the cervical vertebrae (neck bones) are in birds |
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Definition
| they have an “S” shape, which is designed to minimize landing impact stresses on the head. The S shape provides more moveability. |
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Term
| how the spinal vertebrae are in birds |
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Definition
| they are fused to add support for wing movement |
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Term
| humans vs. birds: occipital condiles |
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Definition
| humans have 2 and birds have 1 |
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Term
| humans vs. birds: weight of bones |
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Definition
| Bones of birds are also lighter in weight than in mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| bones that are hollow and actually act as part of the avian respiratory system |
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Term
| some pneumatic bones in birds |
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Definition
-skull
-humerus
-clavicle
-keel (sternum)
-pelvic girdle
-lumbar vertebrae
-sacral vertebrate |
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Term
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Definition
| an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. The medullary bone is estrogen dependent. |
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Term
| medularry bones are dependent on... |
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Definition
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Term
| some bones that are considered medullary bones |
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Definition
-tibia
-femur
-pubic bone
-ribs
-ulna
-toes
-scapula |
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Term
| Medullary bones form in egg laying birds in response to... |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimulates the production of medullary bone? |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 7?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 8?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 9?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 10?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 11?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 12?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 13?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 14?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 15?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 16?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 17?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 18?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 19?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 20?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 21?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 22?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 23?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 24?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 25?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 26?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 27?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 28?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 29?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 30?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 31?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which bone is number 32?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Epiphysis
-Diaphysis
-Spongy
-Compact |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of the bone where growth occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| central hollow region in bones |
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Term
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Definition
| has passages for capillaries and nerves; this type of bone is home to bone marrow |
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Term
| the type of bone that has bone marrow |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
| space containing red marrow |
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Term
which part of the femur is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 7?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 8?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 9?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 10?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 11?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the femur is number 12?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 1?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 2?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 3?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 4?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 5?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 6?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 7?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
which part of the bone is number 8?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cage layer fatigue? |
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Definition
-occurs in prolific hens kept in battery cages.
-The disease is typified by muscular paralysis and severe osteoporosis.
-Caused by excessive calcium depletion. |
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Term
| what causes cage layer fatigue? |
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Definition
| excessive calcium depletion |
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Term
| cage layer fatigue aka... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Growing bones fail to calcify normally
-birds are retarded in growth, unthrifty and often unable to walk
-Can be caused by deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphorus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be caused by deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement – many work by themselves, many in pairs
-Heat – regulate body temperature; this is produced by metabolism
-Shape and form – surround, cover and protect bones, organs, etc.
-muscles attach to bones by tendons |
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Term
| how muscles function in movement |
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Definition
| many work by themselves, many in pairs |
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Term
| how muscles function in heat |
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Definition
| regulate body temperature; this is produced by metabolism |
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Term
| what causes muscles to produce heat? |
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Definition
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Term
| how muscles function in shape and form |
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Definition
| surround, cover and protect bones, organs, etc. |
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Term
| muscles attach to bones by... |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 different types of muscles |
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Definition
-smooth
-cardiac
-skeletal (striated) |
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Term
| some types of smooth muscles |
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Definition
-blood vessels
-gizzard
-intestines
-organs
-repro tract |
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Term
| smooth muscles are controlled by... |
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Definition
| the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is the part of the nervous system that performs functions without you even thinking |
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Term
| something smooth muscles are able to do |
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Definition
| smooth muscles are able to expand and still be able to contract |
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Term
| some functions of smooth muscle |
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Definition
-autonomic
-blood vessels
-repro
-respiritory
-digestive tract |
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Term
| the type of muscle in gizzard |
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Definition
| gizzard has mix of skeletal and smooth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| some features of the cardiac (heart) muscle |
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Definition
-has its own pacemaker
-has gap junctions
-in heart attack, the heart muscles are off sequence
-gap junctions allow heart muscles to act as a single unit; synsacum (did I spell that right?) |
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Term
| the type of junctions in cardiac (heart) muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| something about the heart muscles in heart attack |
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Definition
| in heart attack, the heart muscles are off sequence |
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Term
| the importance of gap junctions in cardiac (heart) muscles |
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Definition
| gap junctions allow heart muscles to act as a single unit; synsacum |
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Term
| Skeletal (striated) muscles |
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Definition
| muscle responsible for voluntary movement and body shape. Attached to bones by tendons. |
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Term
| skeletal (striated) muscles attached to bones by... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the smooth muscle contraction that moves bolus down digestive tract; bolus is the stuff you’re gonna find thru your stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| bolus is the stuff you’re gonna find thru your stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| to attach muscles to bones |
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Term
| role of the pectoralis minor in flight |
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Definition
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Term
| role of the pectoralis major in flight |
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Definition
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Term
| the two main proteins involved in muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the functional unit of muscle; it’s basically 2 strands of myosin that “sandwich” actin |
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Term
| how Calcium and ATP are needed for muscle contraction |
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Definition
-Ca needed to allow myosin to bind with actin, to form crossbridge
-Ca energizes the cell
-Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until muscle fiber is depolarized
-ATP needed to cause the shortening and power stroke |
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Term
| ______ is needed to allow myosin to bind with actin, to form crossbridge |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ energizes the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until muscle fiber is depolarized |
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Definition
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Term
| Ca stored in ______ until muscle fiber is depolarized |
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Definition
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Term
| Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum until ______ |
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Definition
| muscle fiber is depolarized |
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Term
| the role of ATP in muscle contraction |
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Definition
| ATP needed to cause the shortening and power stroke |
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Term
| some differences between white and dark meat |
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Definition
White meat – flight muscles, short bursts of movement (equivalent to your type 2 muscle; they allow for strong, powerful movement, but they’re more prone to fatigue), less myoglobin, fewer blood vessels, less fat, less color
Dark meat – leg muscles, longer usage, more continuous usage, more myoglobin (lota like hemoglobin due to Fe containing heme groups that bind to O; this is a reservoir for O), more blood vessel, more fat, more color, has high aerobic capacity, has higher capillary profusion, birds that fly more have dark meat in their breast |
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Term
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Definition
-flight muscles
-short bursts of movement (equivalent to your type 2 muscle; they allow for strong, powerful movement, but they’re more prone to fatigue)
-less myoglobin
-fewer blood vessels
-less fat
-less color |
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Term
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Definition
-leg muscles
-longer usage
-more continuous usage
-more myoglobin (lota like hemoglobin due to Fe containing heme groups that bind to O; this is a reservoir for O)
-more blood vessel
-more fat
-more color
-has high aerobic capacity
-has higher capillary profusion
-birds that fly more have dark meat in their breast |
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Term
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Definition
| iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in muscle tissue |
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Term
| Why does green muscle disease occur in broilers? |
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Definition
| The green color is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and myoglobin to bile salts. |
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Term
| What are some measures that can be taken to reduce green muscle disease? |
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Definition
measures to reduce wing flapping, such as...
-reduce amount of entry/exit in house
-look for stressful stimuli |
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Term
| some measures to reduce wing flapping |
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Definition
-reduce amount of entry/exit in house
-look for stressful stimuli |
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Term
| What causes Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) in broiler meat? |
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Definition
| the pH of the meat dropping too quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| normal chicken breast on left, one affected by Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) on right |
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Term
| what a chicken breast with Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) looks like |
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Definition
[image]
PSE breast on right |
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Term
| the two prominent myopathies that are a current concern in poultry production |
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Definition
-green muscle disease
-pale soft exudate |
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Term
| what might be causing the increase in green muscle disease? |
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Definition
-wing flapping
-tougher sheath around pectoralis minor |
|
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Term
| what might be causing the increase in Pale Soft Exudative (PSE)? |
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Definition
| stress just before slaughter could be causing an increase in pale soft exudative |
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