Term
| What are types of musculoskeletal injuries? |
|
Definition
Fractures
Dislocations
Sprains
Strains |
|
|
Term
| What types of alterations in bones, joints, and muscles? |
|
Definition
Metabolic disorders
Infections
Inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases
Tumors |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death ages 1-44 years? |
|
Definition
| Trauma (regardless of race, socioeconomic level) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break in continuity of a bone |
|
|
Term
| What are different ways of categorizing fractures? |
|
Definition
Complete or incomplete
Closed or open |
|
|
Term
| What happens during a fracture? |
|
Definition
| Force applied to bone exceeds the tensile or compressive strength of the bone |
|
|
Term
| What is a pathologic fracture? |
|
Definition
| Due to underlying disease process |
|
|
Term
| What is a stress fracture? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue and insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| During a fracture that is damage to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms during a fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can a fracture trigger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations of a fracture? |
|
Definition
Unnatural alignment
Swelling
Muscle spasm
Tenderness, pain
Impaired sensation
Decreased mobility |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for a fracture? |
|
Definition
Closed manipulation
Traction
Open reduction |
|
|
Term
| What happens during nonunion healing of a fracture? |
|
Definition
-Failure of bone ends to grow together
-Gap fills with dense fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What happens during delayed union healing of a fracture? |
|
Definition
| Union occurs 8-9 mos after fracture |
|
|
Term
| What happens during malunion healing of a fracture? |
|
Definition
| Bone heals in a non-anatomic position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tear or injury to a tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tear or injury to a ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete separation of tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Inflammation of bursae
-Sac filled with synovial fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of tendon where it attaches to bone |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of lateral epicondylitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of medial epicondylitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: Myoglobinuria (Rhabdomyolisis) is a life threatening condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolisis)? |
|
Definition
| Severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss |
|
|
Term
| What are two syndromes associated with myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis)? |
|
Definition
Crush syndrome
Compartment syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the edema, oliguria, and other symptoms of renal failure that follow crushing of a part, especially a large muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| What is compartment syndrome? |
|
Definition
| a condition in which increased tissue pressure in a confined anatomic space causes decreased blood flow leading to ischemia and dysfunction of contained myoneural elements, marked by pain, muscle weakness, sensory loss, and palpable tenseness in the involved compartment; ischemia can lead to necrosis resulting in permanent impairment of function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Porous bone; poorly mineralized bone |
|
|
Term
| What is there an imbalance of in osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Bone resorption and formation |
|
|
Term
| What is there a decrease in with osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal bone density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is osteopenic bone density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is osteoporosis bone density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is osteoporosis most common with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary cause of fractures in the elderly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Decreased estrogen and testosterone
Decreased physical activity
Inadequate vitamins D, C
Inadequate Mg, Ca |
|
|
Term
| What are the manifestations of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Pain
Bone deformity
Fractures
Kyphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extreme curvature of the upper back
Also known as a hunchback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inadequate and delayed mineralization |
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major risk factor for osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Lowers absorption of calcium from intestines |
|
|
Term
| What doesn't occur in osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Calcification does not occur; thus results in soft bones |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations of osteomalacia? |
|
Definition
Pain
Bone fractures
Vertebral collapse
Bone malformation |
|
|
Term
| What is osteomalacia in children called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in paget disease (osteitis deformans)? |
|
Definition
-Abnormal and excessive resorption of spongy bone
-Accelerated formation of soft bone
-Increased metabolic activity in bone
-Disorganized, thickened, but soft bones |
|
|
Term
| What bones does paget disease (osteitis deformans) usually affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does paget disease (osteitis deformans) cause? |
|
Definition
-Abnormal bone curvatures
-Brain compression
-Impaired motor function
-Deafness
-Atrophy of the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of paget disease (osteitis deformans)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a bone infection called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is osteomyelitis most commonly caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is exogenous osteomyelitis caused by? |
|
Definition
-Open wound
-Fracture
-Surgical procedure |
|
|
Term
| What is endogenous osteomyelitis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations of osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
Acute and chronic inflammation
Fever
Pain
Necrotic bone |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment of osteomyelitis? |
|
Definition
Antibiotics
Debridement
Surgery
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
|
|
Term
| Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) is what type of disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is there a loss and damage of in Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)? |
|
Definition
| Articular cartilage in synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)? |
|
Definition
| Sclerosis of bone and formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) |
|
|
Term
| There are varying degrees of what in |
|
Definition
| Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Incidence of Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) decreases with age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Primary Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) is idiopathic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis? |
|
Definition
Pain
Usually with wt bearing joints
Stiffness
Joint enlargement
Tenderness
Limited motion
Deformities |
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory joint disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Where do you primarily see RA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of RA similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is there a presence of in RA? |
|
Definition
| Rheumatoid factors - RA or RF |
|
|
Term
| What antibodies are present in RA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the joint fluid in RA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is RA more common in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joints are commonly affected in RA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You need 4 or more of the following to have RA? |
|
Definition
-Morning joint stiffness lasting at least 1 hour
-Arthritis of three or more joint areas
-Arthritis of hand joints
-Symmetric arthritis
-Rheumatoid nodules
-Abnormal amounts of serum rheumatoid factor
-Radiographic changes |
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
| Chronic, systemic, immune inflammatory joint disease |
|
|
Term
| What happens during ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
| Stiffening and fusion of the spine and sacroiliac joints |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
| Unknown cause (strong association with a specific antigen) |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
Physical therapy
Exercise
NSAIDs
Surgery |
|
|
Term
| What does ankylosing spondylitis begin with? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of fibrocartilage, particularly in vertebral and sacroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
| What happens after inflammation of fibrocartilage in ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory cells infiltrate, erode fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| As repair begins in ankylosing spondylitis, what happens? |
|
Definition
Scar tissue ossifies and calcifies
Joint eventually fuses |
|
|
Term
| What are early symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
Low back pain
Stiffness, pain, and restricted motion |
|
|
Term
| What is there a loss of in ankylosing spondylitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic disorder of uric acid metabloism |
|
|
Term
| What is there an excess or undersecretion of from the kidnesy in gout? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are there high levels of in gout? |
|
Definition
| Uric acid in blood and body fluids |
|
|
Term
| What happens during gout? |
|
Definition
-Uric acid concentration increases & causes crystallization
-Crystals deposit in connective tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crystals deposit in synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathologic reduction in normal size of muscle cells due to prolonged inactivity |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that can cause disuse atrophy? |
|
Definition
Bed rest
Trauma
Casting
Local nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for disuse atrophy? |
|
Definition
Isometric movements
Passive lengthening exercises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contractures are the chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in non-bony tissue. These non-bony tissues include muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
-This makes it hard to stretch the area and prevents normal movement. |
|
|
Term
| What types of patients are at risk for contractures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic musculoskeletal syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia? |
|
Definition
Vague symptoms
Diffuse pain
Increased sensitivity to touch
Absence of inflammation
Fatigue
Sleep disturbances |
|
|
Term
| Who does fibromyalgia primarily affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are possible factors that lead to fibromyalgia? |
|
Definition
| Flu-like viral illness, chronic fatigue syndrome, HIV infection, Lyme disease, medications, physical or emotional trauma |
|
|
Term
| Where do bone tumors originate from? |
|
Definition
bone cells
cartilage
fibrous tissue
marrow
vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Bone tumors are only malignant? |
|
Definition
| False (benign or malignant) |
|
|
Term
| Who has the highest incidence for bone tumors? |
|
Definition
adolescents
equals incidence for all at age 60 |
|
|
Term
| What is a malignant bone-forming tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you see osteosarcoma? |
|
Definition
Adolescents
Young adults
Elderly treated with radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
| What does bone look like in osteosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is osteosarcoma usually located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is treatment form osteosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another type of malignant bone tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is usually affected with chondrosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in chondrosarcoma? |
|
Definition
| Infiltrates trabeculae in spongy bone |
|
|
Term
| Where do you usually see chondosarcoma? |
|
Definition
-Frequent in metaphyses or diaphysis of long bones
-Femur and Pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What does chondrosarcoma cause? |
|
Definition
-Erosion
-Can expand into neighboring soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment for chondrosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is rhabdomyosarcoma? |
|
Definition
| Highly malignant tumor of striated muscle |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rapid metastases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who commonly gets rhabdomyosarcoma? |
|
Definition
Infants
Children
Teenagers |
|
|
Term
| What does rhabdomyosarcoma affect? |
|
Definition
Muscles of
-head
-neck
-genitourinary tract |
|
|
