Absence of, without

Example: Atrophy – Wasting away or reduction in muscle size due to lack of use, often resulting from prolonged immobility, nerve damage, or muscle disease.

Away from

Example: Abduction – Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as raising the arm or leg to the side, common in physical therapy and exercise routines.

Toward

Example: Adduction – Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body, such as bringing the arm or leg back to its resting position after abduction.

Slow

Example: Bradykinesia – Slowness of movement, often a symptom of neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, affecting motor function and coordination.

Painful, difficult, abnormal, labored

Example: Dystonia – A condition characterized by abnormal muscle tone or involuntary muscle contractions, which can lead to repetitive movements, abnormal postures, and impaired function.

Above, excessive

Example: Hypertonia – Excessive muscle tone, resulting in stiffness or rigidity, commonly seen in conditions like cerebral palsy or stroke.

Between

Example: Intervertebral disc – A fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and flexibility.

Within, in

Example: Intramuscular injection – An injection administered directly into a muscle, commonly used for vaccines or medication delivery.

Many, much

Example: Polydactyly – A congenital condition characterized by having more than the normal number of fingers or toes, which may require surgical correction for functional or cosmetic reasons.

Below, under

Example: Subscapularis muscle – A muscle located below the scapula (shoulder blade), playing a key role in shoulder rotation and stabilization.

Above

Example: Suprapatellar – Refers to the area above the patella (kneecap), commonly associated with the suprapatellar bursa, which reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the quadriceps tendon over the femur.

Together, joined

Example: Symphysis pubis – A cartilaginous joint where the two pubic bones meet in the pelvis, allowing slight movement for childbirth and pelvic flexibility.

Together, joined

Example: Synarthrosis – A type of immovable joint where bones are joined together, such as in the skull, providing stability and protection to vital organs.

Pertaining to

Example: Femoral – Pertaining to the femur, the largest bone in the body, located in the thigh.

Pain

Example: Myalgia – Pain in a muscle, often caused by overuse, injury, or systemic conditions like fibromyalgia.

Pertaining to

Example: Patellar – Pertaining to the kneecap (patella), a small bone that protects the knee joint and assists in movement.

Weakness

Example: Myasthenia – Muscle weakness, commonly associated with conditions like myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular function.

Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

Example: Arthrocentesis – Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, often used to relieve swelling or analyze joint conditions.

Break

Example: Osteoclasia – Surgical breaking of bone tissue to correct deformities or aid in the healing process in severe cases.

Break

Example: Osteoclast – A specialized bone cell that breaks down bone tissue during bone remodeling and repair.

Surgical fixation, fusion

Example: Arthrodesis – Surgical fusion of a joint to provide stability and reduce pain, often used for severe arthritis.

Excision, surgical removal, cutting out

Example: Tenectomy – Surgical removal of part of a tendon, often performed to treat chronic tendon inflammation or injury.

The record, radiographic image

Example: Myogram – A record of muscle contraction activity, often used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders.

Process of recording, radiographic imaging

Example: Arthrography – Imaging of a joint using contrast dye to assess joint structures such as cartilage, ligaments, and bones.

Pertaining to

Example: Thoracic – Pertaining to the thorax (chest), which houses the lungs, heart, and other vital structures.

Inflammation 

Example: Myositis – Inflammation of muscle tissue, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or trauma.

Loosening, separating, dissolution

Example: Osteolysis – Destruction or dissolution of bone tissue, often seen in conditions like bone metastasis or infection.

Softening

Example: Chondromalacia – Softening of cartilage, particularly in the knee, leading to pain and difficulty with movement.

Resembling

Example: Myeloid – Resembling bone marrow, often used to describe cells or tissues related to hematopoiesis.

Tumor

Example: Rhabdomyoma – A benign tumor of muscle tissue, typically found in the heart or skeletal muscles.

Abnormal condition

Example: Scoliosis – Abnormal curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, reduced mobility, and postural issues.

Abnormal reduction

Example: Sarcopenia – Loss of muscle mass and strength, often associated with aging, inactivity, or poor nutrition.

Growth

Example: Epiphysis – The growth end of a long bone, critical during childhood and adolescence for bone elongation.

Surgical repair

Example: Myoplasty – Surgical repair or reconstruction of damaged or weakened muscle tissue.

Suturing, repairing

Example: Tenorrhaphy – Suturing of a torn or severed tendon to restore function and stability.

Malignant tumor

Example: Osteosarcoma – A malignant bone tumor commonly affecting children and young adults, requiring surgical and medical treatment.

Process of viewing, visual examination

Example: Arthroscopy – Visual examination of a joint using a specialized instrument to diagnose and treat joint conditions.

 Incision, cut into

Example: Myotomy – Surgical incision into a muscle, often performed to relieve tightness or treat muscle disorders.

Nourishment, development

Example: Hypertrophy – Excessive development of tissue or an organ, commonly referring to increased muscle size due to exercise or compensatory growth.

Achilles Tendon

• Named After: Achilles, a hero of Greek mythology.

The tendon that connects the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus). It plays a critical role in walking, running, and jumping. Frequently injured in sports, leading to conditions such as Achilles tendinitis or ruptures.

Paget's Disease of Bone

Named After: Sir James Paget, a British surgeon.

A chronic bone disorder causing abnormal bone remodeling, leading to weakened, enlarged, and deformed bones. It commonly affects the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent fractures and manage symptoms.

Baker's Cyst

Named After: William Morrant Baker, a British surgeon.

A fluid-filled sac located behind the knee, often resulting from joint inflammation or conditions like arthritis. A Baker’s cyst is common in patients with osteoarthritis or knee injuries. It can cause swelling, discomfort, and limited knee movement.