Term
| made of collagen, attaches skeletal muscles to bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end of a muscle attached to a stationary region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end of bone attached to a mobile attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of muscle brings the center of bones closer together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of muscle brings center of bones further apart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flexor extensor pairs are called |
|
Definition
| antagonistic muscle groups |
|
|
Term
| a collection of muscle cells is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| long, cylindrical cells, largest cells in the body, several hundred nuclei on the surface of each cell, created by fusion of many individual embyonic muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| adjascent muscle fibers that are sheathed in connective tissue unit are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highly organized bundles of contractile and elastic proteins that carry out the work on contraction are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| modified endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells that consist of longitudinal tubules thsat sequester and release Ca ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fxn of t-tubules |
|
Definition
| to move action potentials from the NMJ into the interior of the fiber |
|
|
Term
| the cytosol of muscle fibers contain many of what for energy and metabolism |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and gylcogen granules |
|
|
Term
| name the contractile proteins, the regulatory proteins, and the giant accessory proteins found in the myofibril |
|
Definition
| CP=myosin and actin; RP= tropomyosin and troponin, GAP= titin and nebulin |
|
|
Term
| the motor protein of the myofibril whose various isoforms determine contraction speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a G-protein that polymerizes to create the thin filaments of the myofibril |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parallel thick and thin filaments are connected via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do crossbridges form? |
|
Definition
| when the myosin heads bind loosley to the actin in the thin filament |
|
|
Term
| a repeating pattern of filaments in a myofibril of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the zigzag structure that are attachment sites for the thin filaments (actin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lightest band of the sarcomere occupied only by thin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the darkest band of the sarcomere, composed of the whole thick filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represent proteins that form the attachment site for the thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is occupied by only thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a huge protein that stabilizes the position of contractile filaments and its elasticity returns stretched muscles to their resting length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is an inelastic protein that attaches to the z disk and helps align actin fibers |
|
|
Term
| Excitation-contraction coupling is |
|
Definition
| the process in which muscle action potentials initiate calcium signals that in turn activate contraction and relaxation cycles |
|
|
Term
| what is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| overlapping actin and myosin filaments slide past one another is an energy requiring process that creates muscle contratcion |
|
|
Term
| how many binding sites are there on the myosin head? |
|
Definition
| two; one for ATP and the other for and the other for actin |
|
|
Term
| how is myosin a molecular machine? |
|
Definition
| it converts the chemical energy in ATP to the mechanical energy of movement (an ATPase) |
|
|
Term
| what event causes the power stroke of the myosin head? |
|
Definition
| the release of an inorganic phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what causes rigor mortis? |
|
Definition
| the myosin usually exists with ATP bound to it and the rigor state is short, after death, ATP levels drop and the muscles do not have ATP bound and exists solely in the rigor state |
|
|
Term
| what is the fxn of tropomyosin? |
|
Definition
| it is a regulatory protein that covers the actin fillament's myosin binding site |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of troponin? |
|
Definition
| it is a calcium binding protein that controls the position of tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of excitation coupling |
|
Definition
| ACh is relased in the NMJ; ACh initiates an action potential in the muscle fiber; the action potential trigers release of Ca from the SR; Ca combines with troponin and initiates contraction |
|
|
Term
| ACh release into the synapse causes what? |
|
Definition
| the opening of Na and K channels to create deplolarization |
|
|
Term
| how does an action potential trigger the relases of Ca from the SR? |
|
Definition
| ACTION potential moves down the t-tubule and triggers a voltage sensing receptor that is mechanically linked to Ca channels in the SR. these receptors are known as DHP receptors |
|
|
Term
| what causes relaxation in skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| the SR pumps Ca back into its lumen using a Ca ATPase; this cause as decrease in Ca concentration which alters tropomyosin to block the myosin binding to actin |
|
|
Term
| a single contraction relaxation cycle is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the short delay between action potential and the beginning of tension is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acts as an ATP buffer in muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the enzyme responsible for transferring the phosphate to creatine and back? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of fatigue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| differences b/t fast and slow twitch muscle |
|
Definition
| fast has faster myosin, fast can remove Ca for cytoplasm faster so faster twitch, fast uses gylcolysis for energy;;;; slow have more mitochondria, slow resist fatigue better, slow are narrower for better oxy absorption, slow have more myoglobin, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple action potentials of high frequency can stimulate a more forceful contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unfused tetanus has stimuli far enough apart to allow partial relaxation, fused tetanus causes the muscle to reach a steady tension with no relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscles consisting of multiple fibers and a somatic motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| how can muscles create graded contractions of varying force and duration? |
|
Definition
| muscles can vary contration by changing the types of motor units that are active or by changing the number of motor units active |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of muscle unit recuitment? |
|
Definition
| a weak stimulus activates a few motor units, increasing the stimulus strength recruits successively more fibers until maximum tension is reached |
|
|
Term
| what controls recruiment of muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is asynchronous recruitment of motor units |
|
Definition
| the CNS modulates firing rates of motor neurons so that different motor units take turns maintaining tension so as to prevent fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contraction that creates force and moves a load |
|
|
Term
| concentric vs. centric isotonic contractions |
|
Definition
| centric shortens muscles and eccentric is lengthening of muscles to resist the force of gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create force without moving a load |
|
|
Term
| what elements of muscles allow for isometric contractions |
|
Definition
| series elastic elements like tendons |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of having a level fulcrum system with insertion points where they are (like in the biceps) |
|
Definition
| amplifies both distance of movement of load and the speed of movement |
|
|
Term
| how are the contractile fibers of smooth muscle organized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many neuclei in smooth muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| single vs. multi unit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| single unit has all of the fibers of a single unit connected electrically via gap junctions and contract as a unit;;;;;multi unit consist of cells not lectrically linked and each cell must be closely associated with its own axon or varicosity |
|
|
Term
| how is smooth muscle different from skeletal in its components? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle myosin ATPase activity is slower, has longer actin and myosin filaments, and has more plentiful actin |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary Ca release channel in smooth muscle SR? |
|
Definition
| it is an IP3-receptor channel (IP3 is a second msgr. in the phosphlipase C pathway) |
|
|
Term
| how does the organization of smooth muscle fibers allow for gradation of tension during contraction? |
|
Definition
| the myosin is completely covered by myosin heads, and can move long distances along the actin without encountering the end of a sarcomere |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of contraction in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| Ca increase initiates contraction, Ca binds to calmodulin, calmodulin with bound Ca activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), MLCK phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads to increase ATPase activity, myosin crossbridges slide along actin |
|
|
Term
| what pumps help in smooth muscle relaxation? |
|
Definition
| Ca ATPases in SR and in the PM in addition to Ca-Na antiporters in the PM |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme removes the phosphate on myosin to decrease ATPase activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| variable amounts of Ca entering smooth muscle cells causes |
|
Definition
| graded forces of contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is myogenic contraction? |
|
Definition
| when stretch activated Ca channels open to create a contraction |
|
|
Term
| what chemicals regulate smooth muscles contractions? |
|
Definition
| NTs, hormones, and paracrines. Note: NTs can be tonic controlled byb graded amounts of NTs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it means low oxygen, thebrain does everything it can to prevent hypoxia in the brain |
|
|
Term
| the central wall of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trace path of pulmonary circulation |
|
Definition
| right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from high pressure to low pressure |
|
|
Term
| what are the two components of a fluids pressure |
|
Definition
| the flowing component as kinetic energy, and a lateral component as hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| what creates the driving pressure of the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid flow is (directly or indirectly) proportional to the pressure gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid flow is (directly or indirectly) proportional to resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three factors influence resistence? |
|
Definition
| length*viscosity*1/radius^4 |
|
|
Term
| what two factors influence mean arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
| cardiac output and peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| what two factors determine velocity of flow? |
|
Definition
| v= flow rate/ cross sectional area |
|
|
Term
| a tough membranous sac that encases the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what order do the 4 chambers of the heart contract |
|
Definition
| first the 2 atria in unison, then the two ventricles in unison |
|
|
Term
| the tubular embryonic heart twists back on itself causing what unique characteristic? |
|
Definition
| the ventricles recieve blood at the top and also pump out at the top |
|
|
Term
| in what direction do the ventricles contract? |
|
Definition
| from the bottom up to squeeze the blood out |
|
|
Term
| this type of valve seperates the atriums and ventricles |
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular valves (AV) |
|
|
Term
| these type of valves seperate the ventricles from arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tissue that prevent the AV valves from prolapsing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these tissues provide stability for the chordae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tri cuspid valve is where? bicuspid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the two semilunar valves |
|
Definition
| aortic and pulmonary valve |
|
|
Term
| specialized myocardial cells that create the signals for contraction |
|
Definition
| autorythmic cells or pacemakers |
|
|
Term
| how many nuceli in cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an intercalated disk |
|
Definition
| it is found in cardiac muscle cells, and they are the cell junctions that connect muscle fibers with desmosomes and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle functions like what type of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| single unit because of the gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the initiating event for cardiac contraction |
|
Definition
| action potential from pacemaker opens voltage gated Ca channels in the t-tubules and Ca opens RyR channels in the SR to release more Ca |
|
|
Term
| in skeletal muscles, contraction in a single unit is |
|
Definition
| ALL OR NOTHING FOR A GIVEN SARCOMERE LENGTH |
|
|
Term
| how are cardiac muscle contractions graded? |
|
Definition
| by how much Ca enters the cell |
|
|
Term
| what are characteristics of the myocardial contraction action potential |
|
Definition
| there are two K channel opening stages (one fast and one slow) and an plateau caused by Ca imflux |
|
|
Term
| how is tetanus avoided in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| the longer action potential means that the AP and the refractory period end at the same time |
|
|
Term
| what property allows autorythmic cells in the heart to generate AP's spontaneuosly |
|
Definition
| they have unstable membrane potentials that constantly depolarize towards threshold |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps in autorythmic cells creating AP's |
|
Definition
| at -60mv ions channels open to allow Na influx, as the membrane depolarizes Ca channels open and cause steep depolarizations, eventually the Ca channels close and K channels have opened allowing repolarization |
|
|
Term
| How do NT's ,modulate heart rate |
|
Definition
| they alter the permeability of certain ions into autorythmic cells |
|
|
Term
| how does sympathetic stimulation affect heart rate |
|
Definition
| it speeds it up because norepinephrine and epinephrine increase the If and Ca permeability causing faster depolarization |
|
|
Term
| how do catecholamines exert their affect over ion channels on autorythmimc cells? |
|
Definition
| they bind to Beta adrenergic receptors and use a cAMP second messenger system |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation of the autorythmic cells? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors that increase K permeability and decrease Ca permeability to decrease heart rate |
|
|
Term
| where does the heart contraction signal begin? |
|
Definition
| in the sinoatrial node (SA) in the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| a group of autorythmic cells at the floor of the right atrium |
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular node (AV) |
|
|
Term
| what is the pathway from SA firing to ventricular contraction |
|
Definition
| SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| why is it important that the ventricles do not recieve electrical signals from the atria? |
|
Definition
| because the ventricles need to contract from the bottom up |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the AV node delay? |
|
Definition
| to allow the atria to finish contracting before before ventricular contraction begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the AV node's transmission of signals is blocked and the ventricles pump slower than the atria |
|
|
Term
| p wave corresponds to what on an EKG |
|
Definition
| depolarization of the atria |
|
|
Term
| the QRS complex represents what? |
|
Definition
| the successive depolarization of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what does the t wave represent |
|
Definition
| repolarization of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what does an EKG represent? |
|
Definition
| it is the sum of multiple action potentials taking place in the heart; represents electrical events not mechanical events |
|
|
Term
| what three things can an EKG show |
|
Definition
| heart rate, heart rhythm, and order of waves (to diagnose heart blocks) |
|
|
Term
| this is the cause of the first heart sound S1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the S2 sound of the heart |
|
Definition
| closing of the semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| what do the axises represent in a pressure volume curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is EDV and ESV on the p-v curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what represents isovolumetic contraction and relaxing? |
|
Definition
| contraction=bc and relaxing=da |
|
|
Term
| where on the p-v curve is the stroke volume determined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is cardiac output determined? |
|
Definition
| CO= heart rate X stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways that the autonomic nervous system can alter heart rate? |
|
Definition
| can change the frequency of the autorythmic cells, and can change the conduction through the AV node |
|
|
Term
| what part of brain controls heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does sympathetic control alter heart rate |
|
Definition
| increase rate of depolarization and increasse conduction through AV node |
|
|
Term
| what is the preload on the heart? |
|
Definition
| the degree of myocardial stretch before contraction |
|
|
Term
| as stretch of the ventricular wall increases.... |
|
Definition
| stroke volume increases as well |
|
|
Term
| what are the axes on a starling curve |
|
Definition
| x-axis is the volume (stretch of sarcomere length) and the y-axis is the force of contraction |
|
|
Term
| the frank-starling law of the heart states.... |
|
Definition
| the heart pumps all the blood that returns to it |
|
|
Term
| what three factors affect venous return to the heart? |
|
Definition
| the skeletal muscle pump, the respiratory pump, and sympathetic innervation of vasculature |
|
|
Term
| contractility increases how? |
|
Definition
| by altering the amt. of Ca available |
|
|
Term
| a chemical that alters contractility is called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do catecholamines increase contractility? |
|
Definition
| they bind to beta drenergic receptors that use cAMP to phosphorylate voltage gated Ca channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is regulatory protein that is activated by catecholamines by phosphor. They increase Ca ATPase activity of the SR |
|
|
Term
| how do cardiac glycosides work? |
|
Definition
| they shut down Na K ATPases and there fore prevent the Ca Na ATPase from working. This causes an increase in cytosolic Ca and increase contractility |
|
|
Term
| what causes an increase in afterload? |
|
Definition
| increase in arterial blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| two hormones released from hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| oxytocin:eject milk, stimulate contraction of uterus and ADH: water reabsorption (both released in posterior pituitary) |
|
|
Term
| differences bt the anterior and posterior pituitary glands |
|
Definition
| anterior is a true endocrine gland, and he posterior is an extension of the hypothalamus and secretes hormones made in the hypo |
|
|
Term
| a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is ?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fxn. of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system? |
|
Definition
| prevents the dilution of trophic from the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what are the hormones of the anterior pit.? |
|
Definition
| prolactin, thyrotropin, adrenocorticotropin, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and leutinizing hormone |
|
|
Term
| hormones released form the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| PRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH and GHIH, GnRH, and dopamine to inhibit Prolactin |
|
|
Term
| what is synergism or potentiation |
|
Definition
| the combination of two or more hormones are more than additive in their effects |
|
|
Term
| six basic steps of muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| tight binding in rigor state (45 degrees), ATP binds to myosin causing dissociation, ATPase activity hydro ATP, myosin head swings to 90 degrees,release of Pi causes power stroke back to 45 degrees, loss of ADP causes rigor state binding again |
|
|
Term
| what happenens when AP gets into t-tubule? |
|
Definition
| DHP receptors sense the change in voltage and mechanically open ryanodine receptors in SR to let Ca in, ca binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| what is the bicuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| vavlve bt the left atrium and ventricle |
|
|
Term
| how does cardiac muscle form graded contractions? |
|
Definition
| it varies the force it generates based on the # of cross bridges which is linked to the amt. of Ca bound to troponin |
|
|
Term
| this para. NT slows the the heart rate by increasing K permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this symp. NT speeds up heart contr. by increasing Ca and If perm. |
|
Definition
| epinephrine on B1 adrenergic receptors |
|
|
Term
| pathway of AP through heart |
|
Definition
| SA node==>internodal pathway to AV node===>AV bundle==>apex of heart===>purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| what happens if a pacemaker is injured? |
|
Definition
| the next fastest pacemaker sets the pace |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 ways that the autonomic system can regulate heart rate |
|
Definition
| by altering the depolarization of autorythmic cells and also by altering conduction through the AV node |
|
|
Term
| two factors that influence the stroke volume |
|
Definition
| contractility and the length of the muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what determines the stretch of the heart? |
|
Definition
| the end diastolic volume (pre-load) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the combined effects of EDV and arterial resistance in the arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they offer the passage directly from arterial to venous circulation if the precapillary sphicters are contracted leading to caps. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure increase after LV ejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the pressure exerted by a pulse PP = Syst.Pressure-diastolic Pressure |
|
|
Term
| why does blood not flow backwards in veins? |
|
Definition
| some veins have one way valves |
|
|
Term
| what is arterial blood pressure? how is it defined? |
|
Definition
| reflects the driing pressure created by the heart's pumping action. MAP=diastolic P+.3333*pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| how is a sphygmomanometer |
|
Definition
| the pressure at which a korotkoff sound appears is the systolic pressure, where it disappears again is the diastolic |
|
|
Term
| what is peripheral resistance |
|
Definition
| it is the resistane offered by the arterioles against blood draining from arteries |
|
|
Term
| how is MAP influenced by peripheral resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two properties of blood can influence MAP? |
|
Definition
| blood's distribution in the circulation, and its volume |
|
|
Term
| which part of the circulation is lrager volume? |
|
Definition
| the venous side, if blood loss==>constriction of veins returns more blood to arterial side |
|
|
Term
| what are the four general determinants of MAP |
|
Definition
| blood volume, blood distribution bt arterial and venous, reistance in arterioles, and cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| how does smooth muscle regulate an increase of pressure in arterioles? |
|
Definition
| stretch activated Ca channels open if increased pressure, this causes constriction of smooth muscle, this causes increase in resistance and causes decrease in bllod flow |
|
|
Term
| what is active hyperemia? |
|
Definition
| the metabolic needs of a cell can cause dilation of vessels via paracrines. Ie- decrease of O2 or increase CO2 cause dilation to get more blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what are some paracrines that affect blood vessel diameter |
|
Definition
| adenosine, heart dilation, NO, somatic dilation; serotonin, constriction due to wound |
|
|
Term
| what NT tonically controls moygenic tone of arterioles |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine on alpha receptors |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation of vessels during fight or flight event causes what? |
|
Definition
| binding to beta 2 receptors causes vasodilation to get blood to important organs, and binding to alpha receptors causes vasoconstriction to divert blood away from less needed organs |
|
|
Term
| what is a fenestrated capillary? |
|
Definition
| it is a capillary that has large pores in its epithelium that allows bllod to freely diffuse |
|
|
Term
| why is velocity of flow so slow through capillaries? |
|
Definition
| because the total cross sectional area of all capillaries together is so large |
|
|
Term
| what are the names of the two types of bulk flow associated with capillaries called? |
|
Definition
| absorption and filtration |
|
|
Term
| what two fluid factors influence the movement of fluid into capilarires? |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| return fluid and filtered proteins to circulation, move fat from intestine to circ., and to filter pathogens for immune |
|
|
Term
| how does lymph system flow |
|
Definition
| from lymph capillaries to lymmph vessels to lymph nodes and then to circ., have one way valves, and rely on smooth muscle contraction for movement |
|
|
Term
| what is edema? where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| swelling due to accumulation of fluid in interstitial space, loss of plasma proteins causes disruption bt colloid pressure and hydrostatic pressures |
|
|
Term
| where is the main cardio control center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the baroreceptor reflex? |
|
Definition
| tonically active baroreceptors that sense pressure change are on the walls of the carotid artery and aorta. when there is increased pressure, AP firing increases to the medulla and then autonomic regulation of CO or resistance can change |
|
|
Term
| what is the baroreflex action of increased blood pressure |
|
Definition
| decrease in symp. output causessmooth muscle dilation (alpha receptor), decrease in force of contraction and heart rate (beta 1) |
|
|
Term
| decrease in BP upon standing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of the kidneys |
|
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Term
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Definition
| initial segment of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| where most reabsorption takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the nephron that creates an osmotic gradient to control conc. of urine |
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Term
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Definition
| recieves fluid from distal tubules of 8 nephrons and drains into the renal pelvis |
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Term
| afferent capillarie, efferent |
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Definition
| afferent deliver blood to glomerulus, efferent collects blood leaving glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
| recieve blood from the efferent arterioles and surround nephron |
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Term
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Definition
| ball like mass of capillaries, forms the renal corpuscle together with the bowman capsule |
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Term
| what three forces affect glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure-colloiid osmotic pressure-hydrostatic pressure of bowman's |
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Term
| what three forces affect glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure-colloiid osmotic pressure-hydrostatic pressure of bowman's |
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Term
| what happens to GFR if resistance of efferent arterioles is increased? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is tubuloglomerular feedback? |
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Definition
| at the juxtaglomerular apparatus, theflow in the distal tubule of the nephron can be detected via macula densa, if an increased GFR, then granular cells secrete renin to cause afferent arteriole constriction |
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Term
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Definition
| a potent vasoconstrictor hormone that can affect filtration |
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Term
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Definition
| ald is made in adrenal cortex, makes more Na/K pumps so K excreted, ADH more porins so better water reabsorption |
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