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| a British economist who helped to convince Roosevelt to increase spending |
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| the “Labor’s Magna Carta,” guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and prohibited employers from adopting unfair labor practices such as firing union activists and forming company unions |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority |
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| federal regional planning agency established to promote conservation, produce electric power, and encourage economic development in 7 southern states |
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| a new African-American cultural awareness that flourished in literature, art and music in the 1920s |
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| elected president in 1912/1916, mediated among differing progressive views to achieve a strong reform program and other successes |
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| supreme court decision of 1803v that created the precedent of judical review, judges had to be elected not appointed |
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| an Italian mariner, was sent by King Henry VII in 1497 to explore eastern Canada for England. Henry could not invest necessary funds to follow up on his discoveries |
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| a water route through to New World to Asia that many explorers tried to find (it did not exist) |
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| famous explorer whom believed he could reach Asia by sailing westward. Sought help from Portugal, then Spain, Spain helped him to achieve Spain’s goals. |
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Tenochtitlan was the capital, one of the largest places n the world at the time.
-had great pyramids, priests sacrificed human victims
-expanded through military, fell through internal invasion |
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| the largest mound building culture in early North America, located in present day Mississippi. Largely agricultural, 2,000 residents, eventually the population grew too large for the food supply |
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| a document that all passengers of the Mayflower had to sign saying that they would abide the decisions of the majority |
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| individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth’s reforms of the Church had not gone far enough to improve the church. They led the settlement of the MA Bay Colony |
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| A settlement in the Chesapeake Bay that eventually developed into the prosperous colony of Virginia, its success relied on tobacco |
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| the first of the New England colonies |
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| separatists in the Plymouth Colony, called Pilgrims because they thought of themselves as spiritual wonderers |
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| Virginia House of Burgesses |
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| the first legislative body in English America, set a precedent for the establishment of self-government in other colonies |
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| economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth |
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| the period of time in the early 18th century where Parliament and royal ministers confined their attention to trade and military defense and otherwise left the colonies on their own |
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| Indians in New York that fought in the Beaver Wars, triumphed because the Dutch supplied them with guns eventually destroying the Hurons |
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| colonial intellectual, invented the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, the Franklin stove and the glass harmonica |
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| plan put forth in 1754 calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by participants at the city's Congress |
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| A great religious revival in America, occurred in the 1740s; first in the Middle Colonies and New England then spreading to the Southern colonies |
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| the voyage between West Africa and the New World slave colonies |
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| Acts that regulated overseas trade |
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| a law that raised revenue in America by requiring taxed and stamped paper for legal documents, playing cards, etc |
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| area of PA where GW troops were quartered from Dec 1777 to June 1778 while British forces occupied Pa during the rev. war |
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| marked the end of major fighting in NA during the Rev. War, 6,000 British led by Cornwallis surrendered to 8,800 Americans and 7,800 french |
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| Burgoyne (British) surrendered to Gates when 3,000 continentals and 9,000 militia from breaking their lines (revolutionary war battle in ny) |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| the second continental congress announced and justified its decision to renounce the colonies allegiance to England |
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| 1773, Bostonians disguised as Indians destroyed 9,000 worth of tea of the East India Tea Company in order to prevent payment on it |
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| - ridiculed the absurdity of supposing a continent to be ruled by an island, denounced George III, called him a royal brute selling > 100,000 copies |
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| Virginian chosen by John Adams to lead the Continental Army (being a Virginian he would widen the conflict) as well the first president of the US |
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| the first two battles of the American Rev. which resulted in a total of 273 British soldiers dead, wounded, and missing nearly one hundred Americans dead, wounded, and missing; “shots were heard around the world,” starting the American Revolution |
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| fight where British tried to fortify area South of Boston, succeeded w/ a loss of more than 11,000 men |
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| an Englishman who gave the cause of Independence a cause by writing Common Sense |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| the position statements written by Madison and Jefferson that included the belief that states had the right to judge the constitutionality of acts of Congress |
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| a constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders |
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| collective name given to four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that shortened freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the US |
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| Washington's Farewell Address |
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| a president's speech when he left office warning of what might happen in the future |
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| father of the constitution, 4th president of the US |
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| a power in the con. Giving federal courts the right to review and determine acts passed by the Congress and state legislature |
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| written document providing for a new central gov. of the US |
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| Legislation prohibiting slavery in the northwest territories, providing model for incorporation of territories in the union |
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| Act passed by congress creating a gird system of surveys by which public land was made available for sale |
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A revolt that occurred in response to non-responsive state legislatures, angry farmers organized, protested, and shut down country in courts. In 1786, Shay emerged as a leader in the rebellion, whom aimed to overthrow state governments’ federal arsenal at Springfield
It is significant dramatized the fragile nature and conflicting values of America’s first republic under the articles of confederation (an example of impending chaos that would destroy the republic unless changes were made) |
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argued only radical political change could preserve the republic and fulfill the promise of its greatness, led the nationalists w/ JM
head of the treasury, had to bring order to the nations finances with a bold plan |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Written document setting up the loose confederation of states that comprised the first national government of the United States |
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| act of congress establishing the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal courts |
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| a written summary of inalienable rights and liberties |
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| supreme court decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering with the privileges granted to a private corporation |
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| author of the Liberator; an abolitionist paper attacking slavery, embrace immediatism a moral commitment to begin the work of emancipation |
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| for 15 million rupies, Napoleon sold Louisiana to Jefferson through diplomatic and military pressure. Nearly doubled the size of the US |
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| the awarding of government jobs to party loyalists |
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| the program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition |
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| leaders of expedition through Louisiana and up to the west |
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| the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony |
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| first chief justice, and a loyal Federalist. Moved carefully to avoid an open confrontation between the Federalists and Republicans |
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| sectional compromise in the Congress 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory |
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| The southern nationalist-minded Republican who introduced the bank bill to create a second National Bank. |
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| in December 1823, Monroe declared to Congress that Americas “are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power” |
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| African American abolitionist leader |
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| the first convention for women’s equality in legal rights, 1848 |
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| hero of New Orleans, a ferocious Indian fighter; eventually became the 7th president of the US |
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| followers of a new religion that gave spiritual and secular authority to men, women could only gain salvation under the authority of men |
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| philosophy movement centered on idealism in the divinity of individuals and nature |
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| a British mechanic who was an early driver of industrialization, converted a fledging mill into to build a water powered spinning machinery, making Providence, RI the nation’s first permanent cotton factory. |
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| the belief held by artisans in the 1840s which sought to curb mass immigration from Europe and limit the political rights of Catholic immigrants |
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| the first and most successful of the artificial waterways that was designed to link eastern seaboard cities with western markets |
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| risked re-enslavement by returning to the South on several occasions to assist in the escapes of other slaves |
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| support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper South and North to help slaves escape the South |
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| led an uprising of slaves in Southampton County, VA in 1831, resulted in the death of 55 white people |
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| led an expedition more than 130 miles up the St. Lawrence to found a permanent settlement at Quebec |
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| conflict in New England between Indians and English settlers, caused by English encroachment on land |
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| the forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory to the west, many died along the way |
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| the man who wrote the Declaration of Indepence, 3rd president |
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| the last of the Anglo-French colonial wars (1754-1763) and the first in which fighting began in NA. the war (merged with the european conflict known as the seven years war) ended with France's defeat and loss of its NA empire |
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| a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. |
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| large war between US and *this contry* concerning matters such as the Texan border, whether it was at the Nueces or Rio Grande river. Polk sent 3,500 troops headed by Zachary Taylor to the Nueces in 1845 |
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| allowing the residents of a particular territory to decide the issue of slavery, not Congress |
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| The law passed in 1854 creating two state territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri Compromise. |
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| violence between pro- and antislavery forces in *this territory* after the passage of the *this & that* act in 1854 |
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| The radical abolitionist who led the killing of 5 proslavery settlers along the Pottawatomie River. |
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| Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not US citizens and that Congress had no jurisdiction over slavery in the territories. |
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| a fort in Charleston, SC where Lincoln attempted to provision federal troops in 1861, triggering a hstile respons from the on-shore Confederate forces, opening the Civil War |
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| president of the Union, delivered the Gettysbyrg adress |
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| Union general, a civil war hero, eventually became president; 18th president |
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| commander of the Confederate army, under his leadership the Confederacy’s defensive strategy changed significantly |
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| the bloodiest single day of fighting in American history, 2,100 Union soldiers died, 2,700 Confederates, and more were wounded. A strategic defeat for the Confederacy |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| decree announced by Lincoln in 1863 that formally issued freeing slaves in all Confederate states still in rebellion |
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| held that Louisiana’s railroad segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as the railroads or the state provided equal accommodations |
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| born a slave in Virginia, 1856, founded Tuskegee Institute in 1861, advocated the Atlanta Compromise |
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| first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard, he promoted self-help, education, and black pride; attacked the Atlanta Compromise |
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| invented the electric light bulb, transforming electricity into a new and versatile form of industrial energy |
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| term applied to late 19th century America that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of that period |
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| an association with legal rights and liabilities separate from those of its members |
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| formed Standard Oil, one of the richest dudes in American history |
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| controlling 90% of the nation’s oil refining by 1890, achieved both vertical and horizontal integration, pioneering horizontal integration |
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| consolidated much of America’s steel industry, his company produced ¼ of the country’s steel |
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| the application of Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, holding that the fittest survive, the weak and the poor perish, and government action is unable to alter this “natural” process |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather a broad social program |
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| small, poorly ventilated shops or apartments crammed with workers, often family members, who pieced together garments |
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| an era in the US (roughly between 1900-1917) in which important movements challenged traditional relationships and attitudes |
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| the policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets |
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| erupted over Cuba’s quest for independence from oppressive colonial control of Spain, America’s involvement changed relationships with the rest of the world and gave it a colonial empire |
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| a deliberately sensational journalism of scandal and exposure designed to attract an urban mass audience and increase advertising venues |
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| TR’s policy asserting US authority to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations, an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine |
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| the US policy of using private investment in other nations to promote American diplomatic goals and business interests |
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| a battleship that blew up in Havana harbor, killing 260 men. Spain was not responsible, but many called it “an act of dirty treachery on part of the Spaniards,” contributing to the outbreak of the war |
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| Wilson’s speech that articulated US war aims after the war |
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| international organization created by the Versailles Treaty after WWI to ensure world stability |
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| he scare that the poison of Bolshevism was “running through the veins of the world,” many people targeted aliens, immigrants and labor activists as Bolsheviks |
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| the US Army’s brutal winter massacre in 1890 of at least 200 Sioux men, women, and children as part of the government’s assault on the tribe’s Ghost Dance religion |
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| - a major third party of the 1890s formed on the basis of the Farmers’ Alliance and other reform organizations |
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| the doctrine that government should not intervene in the economy, especially through regulation |
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| Pendelton Civil Service Act |
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| law of 1883 that reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contributions and creating the Civil Service Commission to oversee their appointment on the basis of merit rather than politics |
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| philosophy that the government should expand the money supply by purchasing and coining all the silver offered to it |
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| the 1920s, so called for the popular music of the day as a symbol of the many changes taking place in the mass culture |
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| the economic and political policies of the Roosevelt administration in the 1930s |
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| the nation’s worst economic crisis, extending through the 1930s, producing unprecedented bank failures, unemployment, and industrial and agricultural collaps |
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| Franklin Deleno Roosevelt |
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| president who enacted the New Deal program as a Democrat, promising change in the Depression |
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| government agency that guarantees bank deposits, thereby protecting both depositors and banks |
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| provided unemployment compensation, old-age pensions, and aid for dependent mothers and children and the blind |
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| a large area in the southern part of the central United States that suffered badly from wind erosion during the 1930s |
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| Congress of Industrial Organizations |
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| an alliance of industrial unions that spurred the 1930s organizational drive among the mass-production industries |
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| a crusader for mental health reform |
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| a Franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops |
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| a doctrine first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God |
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| The addition of half a million square miles to the US as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the US and Mexico |
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| four step compromise regarding the slavery issue |
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| clash at Richmond, Virginia, July 21, 1861, where the southerners were able to repel the northerners when the northerners seemed on the verge of winning |
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| the greatest battle of the Civil War, a union victory. Bloodiest battle of the war, the battler’s outcome boosted morale in the North and drained Lee’s army of men. Marked the last major southern invasion of the North |
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| Lincoln’s famous address that dedicated the cemetery at Gettysburg to comment on the sacrifices of that battlefield |
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| the place in Virginia where Grant’s army of 60,000 outran Lee’s diminishing force of 35,000 and cut of his escape (ending the CW) |
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| a plan after the civil war to balance white and black status’ |
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| a strategic siege where Grant and the Union’s navy bombardment cut the city off completely forcing the south to surrender |
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| abor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers’ crop |
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| interracial organization co-founded by W.E.B. DuBois in 1910 dedicated to restoring African-American political and social rights |
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| The label applied to journalism which exposed social, political, and economic evils. |
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| Became 26th president in 1901 after McKinley was assassinated. Republican. Had an aggressive personality.Most prominent leader of the progressive era |
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| the 1913 reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax |
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| controlled city politics and municipal government |
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| the 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting pooling and discriminatory rates by railroads and establishing the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission |
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| the first federal antitrust measure, passed in 1890; sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade or commerce |
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| 1862 law providing 160 acres of free land to anyone who would live on and farm the land for five years |
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| American policy of seeking equal trade and investment opportunities in foreign nations or regions |
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| the treaty ending WWI and creating the League of Nations |
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