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| drug that prevents pain during surgery |
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| the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
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| the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
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| Scottish engineer looked at Newcomen’s invention in 1764 and set out to make improvements on the engine in order to make it more efficient |
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| - British inventor that in 1712 developed the steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
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| powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
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| powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
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| - separate iron from its oar |
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| - separate iron from its oar |
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| money used to invest in enterprises |
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| those who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses |
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| raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes, skilled artisans then finished and died the cloth |
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| invented the cotton gin, which increases cotton production exponentially |
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| separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate |
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| private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll, or fee, to use them |
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| first major rail line which opened in England in 1830 |
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| the movement of people to cities |
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| multistory buildings divided into apartments |
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| British economists that saw the effects of population explosion, wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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| British economists that saw the effects of population explosion, wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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| population explosion, crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment, widespread misery, poverty (population was increasing faster then the food supply) |
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| population explosion, crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment, widespread misery, poverty (population was increasing faster then the food supply) |
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| British philosopher that advocated urbanization in 1800 and individual freedom |
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| the idea that the goal of society should be “ the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens |
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| people as a whole rather then private individuals would own and operate the means of production |
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| a utopian who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland to put his own ideas into practice |
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| Early socialists who established communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common |
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| German philosopher who condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism and formulated theory of scientific socialism |
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| German socialists who’s farther owned a textile industry in England |
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| Written by Marx and Engels published in 1848 and began the “ spectre of communism”, and Marx theorized within that economics was the driving force in history. |
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| form of socialism advocated by Marx, in which an inevitable struggle between social classes would lead to the creation of a classless society where the community would own all means of production |
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| political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system |
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| members of the highest social class |
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| descended Latin Americans who owned the haciendas, ranches and mines Mulattoes- people of African and European descent |
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| - a young Creole who traveled Europe and was inspired by the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity |
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| intelligent skillful leader of the rebels who was a self- educated former slave |
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| a Creole priest in Mexico who raised his voice for freedom |
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| a mestizo who called for a wide- ranging social and political reform |
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| Ruled Brazil after his father returned to his homeland Portugal |
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| British Laissez-faire economists who dedicated himself to economic studies after reading Smiths’s The Wealth of Nations |
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| invented the water frame in 1769, a spinning machine that could be powered by water |
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| spun many threads at the same time |
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| invented spinning Jenny in 1764 |
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| people of Native American and European Descent |
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child labor reform passed in the early 1800s, reduce child workday to 12 hours and
remove children less then 9 from cotton mills |
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| The Condition of the Working Class in England |
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written by Frederich Engles in 1844 of the
wretched living condiions in poor areas in 19th century England |
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| invented the seed drill to aid farmers |
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| deposited seeds in rows rather then scattering wastefully over the land |
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| Charles “Turnip” Townsend |
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Lord who urged farmers to grow turnips which restored exhausted
soil |
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a new way of farming thay greatly improved the quality and quantity of
farming |
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| enabled weavers to work so fast that they outspaced spinners |
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| Grrece overthrew the ottoman rule |
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first revolt against ottoman empire led by Serb leader Karageorge but
unsuccessful, but second by MIlos Obrenovic was successful with Russia’s assistance |
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| excessive devotion to nation |
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| supporter of conservatism |
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laissez faire economist who saw the free market as an opportunity for capitalists
entrepreneurs to succeed |
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working-class people found comfort in this religon, and influenced by Industrial
Revolution and tried to give hope to working poor. |
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