lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, villi, gall bladder, ileocecal valve, microflora, sigmoid colon

The DRIs for Vitamin A include EAR, RDA and UL. Which statement below best describes the relationship between these three values?

The hepatic portal system delivers nutrients from the digestive tract to the 

Which of the following health claims has been approved by Health Canada to be used on a food label;

a)fibre and cancer

b)calcium and osterporosis

c)   Fibre and coronary heart disease

d)   Soy and prostate health

A scientific study recorded the dietary intake of 50,000 men and tracked the health of these men for 10 years. The study concluded that there is an inverse association between the consumption of tomatoes and the incidence of prostate cancer. Which statement best describes the study and its conclusion?

A) This is an intervention trial which demonstrates that consuming tomatoes may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

B) This is an observational study which demonstrates that consuming tomatoes causes a reduction in the risk of prostate cancer.

C) This is an observational study which demonstrates that consuming tomatoes may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

D) This is an intervention trial which demonstrates that consuming tomatoes may increase the risk of prostate cancer.

E) This is an observational study which demonstrates that consuming tomatoes may increase the risk of prostate cancer.

. James kept a 7-day food record and found that his servings of meat and meat alternatives over that time period were, in total, 10 Canada Food Guide servings of low-fat beef products, 8 Canada Food Guide servings of low-fat poultry and 3 Canada Food Guide servings of peanut butter. James is 19 years old and Canada's Food Guide recommends 3 servings of meat and meat alternatives/day for men his age. Which statement best describes his food selections and how they meet the requirements of Canada's Food Guide for this food group?

James is consuming the right number of servings in the Meat and Meat alternatives Food Group but he should replace some of his beef and poultry servings with servings of fish, beans, lentils and tofu to meet the requirements of Canada's Food Guide.

B) James is consuming too few servings in the Meat and Meat alternatives Food Group. He should add additional servings of fish, beans, lentils and tofu to meet the requirements of Canada's Food Guide.

C) James is consuming too many servings in the Meat and Meat alternatives Food Group. He should reduce the total number of servings and replace some of his beef and poultry servings with servings of fish, beans, lentils and tofu to meet the requirements of Canada's Food Guide.

D) James is consuming the right number of servings in the Meat and Meat alternatives Food Group but he should replace some of his beef and poultry servings with servings of fish to meet the requirements of Canada's Food Guide.

E) James is consuming the right number of servings in the Meat and Meat alternatives Food Group and is meeting the requirements of Canada's Food Guide

a)Select lower fat milk alternatives.

B) Eat at least one green and one orange vegetable daily.

C) Have meat alternatives such as beans, lentils and tofu often.

D) Make all your grain products whole grain products.

E) Have vegetables and fruit more often than juice

what does the ABCDE of nutritional assessment stand for and provide an example

anthropometic-skin fold thickness

biochemical-blood work

clinical- observations done by physcian based on dietary assessment results

dietary- food histroy

environmental- education

estimated average requirement

adequete intake

tolerable upper limits

recommended dietary allowance

enriched; additional nutrients that were already present in the product, but lost in processing (ie enriched whole wheat bread)

fortified; nutrients added that were not previously present in the product (ie oasis fruit juice is fortified with omega 3)

- a diet low in saturated and trans fat may reduce the risk of heart disease

- a diet high in calcium and vitamin d and regular physical activity can reduce the risk of osteoporosis

-examine the credentials of those who wrore or published the information

- note if it is published by a reliable souce (government) such as health canada, or an organization such as dietians of canada.

-salivary glands/mouth

-esophagus

-stomach

-pancrease

-liver

-gall bladder

-small intestine

-large intestine

-anus

Nutrition label steps

times fat by 9

carbs by 4

protein by 4 

(all to determine the amount of calories in a specific part of the food label)

-adequete-

-balanced

-moderate

-varied;getting nutrients from different sources, for example not always eating just carrots for your vegetables

True or false;

during periods of starvations, the body uses protein as a fuel source for the brain and CNS in a pathway called gluconeogenesis

a central carbon bonded to 4 groups of elements

 3 groups are a nitrogen group called an amine

the fourth group is often signified by the letter R

dipeptides(joining 2 amino acis),

tripeptides (joining of 3 amino acids)

oligopeptides (joining of 4-9 amino acids)

-a genetic dissorder

-there is an amino acid sequencing order

synthesis of Protein order:

-primary strucutre( order of amino acids determines shape)

-seecondary structure

-tertiary strucure (determines function)

quaternary structure.

-altering proteins 3 dimensioanl strucutre

-acid( occurs in the stomach), alkaline,heat, enzymes and agitation

-there is a constant state of breakdown,rebuilding and repair

-Urea is a carrier of waster nitrogen(ammonia)

-protein turnover

-starvation

-a diet of less than 50-100g of carbs per day

-untreated diabetes mellitus

. A positive test for lactose maldigestion is _________ after ingesting a test dose of the pure lactose. 

Yogurt can often be substituted for milk for the lactose-maldigesting individual   

    because 

. Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber? 
A. pectin.
B. mucilage.
 C.hemicelluose
D. gums.

8. Which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index? 
A. Bananas
B. Apple
C. Baked potato
D.White Bread

1. dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy

-heart problems and weight change

-excessive thrist and polyuria

-blurred vision and neuropathy

By definition, lipids include:

i. triglycerides    ii. phospholipids    iii. amino acids    iv. sterols     v. phosphorus

All of the following are TRUE regarding lipids except one. Which one is the exception?

1. HDL is considered the “good” cholesterol because it helps transport cholesterol away from the arteries
2. Less than 35% of total calories should come from fat
3. Alpha linolenic fatty acids should be increased in the diet

lipids provide the bulk of the energy in the typical North American diet

A group of biologically important compounds that help regulate diverse body functions such as blood pressure, inflammatory reactions, or childbirth are synthesized from long-chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids. This class of hormone-like compounds is called 

1. have hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics.
2. are polarized.
3. solubilize fats and oils.

1. not a dietary essential; the human body can synthesize it.
2. not found in foods of plant origin.
3. an important part of human cell membranes and necessary to make some hormones.

Immediately after a meal, newly digested and absorbed dietary fats appear in the lymph, and then blood, as part of which of the following

1. LDL
2. HDL
3. chlyomicrons
4. Cholesterol

Which of the following statements best describes the brain's adaptation during prolonged fasting?

A) Normally the brain prefers glucose as a source of fuel, but adapts to the use of ketones bodies as fuel during prolonged fasting. Ketone bodies are derived from the fermentation of dietary fibre.

B) Normally, the brain prefers glucose as a source of fuel, but adapts to the use of ketones bodies as fuel during prolonged fasting. Ketone bodies are derived form the breakdown of proteins.

C) Normally the brain prefers ketone bodies as a source of fuel, but adapts to the use of amino acids as fuel during prolonged fasting. Amino acids are derived from the breakdown of muscle.

D) Normally, the brain prefers glucose as a source of fuel, but adapts to the use of ketones bodies as fuel during prolonged fasting. Ketone bodies are derived from the breakdown of fats.

E) Normally, the brain prefers glucose as a source of fuel, but adapts to the use of free fatty acids as fuel during prolonged fasting. Free fatty acids are derived from the breakdown of triglycerides

Select the statement which best distinguishes between the action of insulin and the action of glucagon.

A) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of amino acids from glucose), which lowers blood glucose levels.

B) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Glucagon stimulates the transfer of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids) which raises blood glucose levels.

C) Select the statement which best distinguishes between the action of insulin and the action of glucagon.

A) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of amino acids from glucose), which lowers blood glucose levels.

B) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Glucagon stimulates the transfer of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which lowers blood glucose levels. Insulin stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids) which raises blood glucose levels.

C) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which lowers blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids) which raises blood glucose levels.

D) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the muscle tissue into blood, which raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids) which raises blood glucose levels.

E) Both hormones are secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which lowers blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids ) which raises blood glucose levels.

D) Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the muscle tissue into blood, which raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids) which raises blood glucose levels.

E) Both hormones are secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which lowers blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids ) which raises blood glucose levels.

.

c-Both hormones are secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscle tissue, which lowers blood glucose levels. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from amino acids) which raises blood glucose levels. 

indicate the number of carbons, the number of double bonds, classify it as short, medium or long chain, delta naming system for the following fatty acids

- 14:1 n-9

- 22:6 n-3

- 4:0

-14:1 n-9 = 14 carbons

1 c=c

long chain fatty acid

14:1 delta 5

-22:6 n-3

22 C

6 C=C

long chain fatty acid

delta naming system cannot be determined

-4:0

4 C

no double bonds

short chain fatty acid

delta cannot be determined because there are no double bonds

- may help cholesterol( acts like a sponge and prevents choleseterol from returning to entero-heptaic pathway)

-decrease transit time ( speeds up time food goes throguh GI tract)

-need to have excessive hydration

-found in whole grain breads, cereals, vegetables (lettuce, artichoke, apples, bran and peas

- they dissolve/swell in water in colon and are fermented by the bacteria in the colon

- decrease gastric emptying and delays transit time

found in fruits, oats, barley and some legumes

type one- is generic problem found in beta cells on pancrease that dont produce insulin hormone

type two- insulin is produced and secreted, however cell receptors dont uptake it (insulin resistance)

-risk factors- older age, obesity, genetics, higher risks if had Gestastional Diabetes Melinitus (GDM)

- life style changes including healthing eating, excersie, and weight loss

What (1)

Cis vs. trans configuration

Partially hydrogenation (an industrial process)

Unsaturated fatty acids that have physical properties of sat fat acid (higher melting pt)

Why dangerous (0.5 mark per point for a total of 1 mark)

n  Increases LDL levels

n  Decreases HDL levels

n  Increases TC levels

n  Increases TC:HDL ratio

n  Increases TG levels

n  Increases post-priandal lipids

n  increased coronary diseases risk factors

n  Increased Ischemic heart disease risk factors

Dietary sources (1)

Commercially baked products

Cooking oils

Shortening

Naturally occurring in small amounts in meats and dairy

Naturally occurring Trans Fat: Vaccenic Acid 

metabolic syndrome is when the World Health Organization defines “metabolic syndrome” as clustering of hypertension, low HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes, high waist-to-hip ratio, and microalbuminuria.

-risk factors- abdominal obeseity (waist circumfrence)

>40 inches for men

> 35 inches for woman

-HDL-C- men < then 40 for men

<less than 50 for women