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| The values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people, shared through symbols, and passed down from generation to generation. |
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| a psychological perception of the environment that determines how we think, behave, and act |
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| difference beyond race, ethnicity, such as sexual orientation, religion, ability, and socioeconomic status/class |
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| a combination of race & culture |
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| prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on a belief; discrimination against any out-group based on social bias' |
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| Early interest in individual differences & heritable traits |
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| Famous doll studies (1940's) |
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| Eugenics: selective breeding |
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| The Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence |
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| felt intelligence was too complex to be represented by one number |
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| Translated Binet-Simon into English; supported Eugenics, tested immigrants |
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| used Stern's IQ ratio (& multiplied by 100); supported Eugenics |
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| Leta Stetter Hollingworth |
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| studied that women are NOT intellectually inferior, psychology of adolescence &p sychology of gifted children. |
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| worked with Erik & Kohlberg; studied morality stage of development |
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| refers to casual inference |
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| refers to the generalizability of the results we obtain |
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| illustrates how a question can be turned into a meaningful number |
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| in-depth understanding of the phenomenon being examined |
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| relationship between two variables |
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| across different age groups |
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| same set of individuals over time |
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| Commonalities across culture from outside |
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| one specific culture from within |
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| the ability to wait for a more desirable reward instead of taking a less desirable reward immediately |
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| a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of a group or collective in which the individual is a member |
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| a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group’s or collective preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual |
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| individualistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrism refers to an individual. |
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| collectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Collectivism refers to the society, whereas allocentrism refers to an individual |
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| a prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual’s sense of personal regret for having engaged in negative behavior (Individualistic communities) |
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| a prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual’s sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly upon his or her family and/or upbringing (Collectivistic communities) |
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| loss of face involves being publicly revealed for negative behavior; face saving involves being able to protect one’s public persona |
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| extolling the virtues of another person in public. It would be considered boastful and individualistic if the individual did this himself/herself |
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| respect for the hierarchy within one’s family |
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| Stonequist’s concept of how one feels when one is caught between two worlds |
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| a psycholinguistic term that assumes that we strive to communicate with one another sincerely and effectively when we engage in conversation |
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| the maxim that suggests that we tell each other the truth when we engage in a conversation |
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| the maxim that suggests that we contribute an appropriate amount of talk when we engage |
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| the maxim that suggests that our discussion is relevant to the conversation |
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| the maxim that suggests that we are clear in our language and that we pay attention to normal standards of conversation, such as not shouting at someone who is right in front of us |
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| Relation with conversational partner |
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| the maxim that suggests that we use our previous relationship with our conversational partner so that we do not have to repeat shared experiences |
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| the maxim that suggests that we signal our conversational partners when we are about to engage in a violation of one of the other maxims |
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| personal space in conversations |
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| bodily movement in conversations, including hand gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact |
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| nonverbal vocal cues in conversation, such as loudness of voice, silences, and rates of speech |
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| High-context communication |
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| communication in which the context conveys much of the meaning (collectivists cultures) |
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| Low-context communication |
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| language-dependent communication, in which the words carry most of the meaning and context plays a lesser role |
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| blunt communication that is literal and to the point |
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| communication that relies upon context and the receiver’s ability to draw inferences |
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| according to Ribeau and associates, stereotyping that casts African Americans in a negative light, or limits discussion to “African American topics” such as athletics and music |
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| feeling that one is accepted as an equal in the conversation |
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| speaking from the heart and not the head |
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| being truthful and not trying to be merely “politically |
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| according to Ribeau and associates, the sense that a conversational partner has enough experience to truly understand the African American experience |
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| according to Ribeau and associates, this refers to the goal of mutual understanding between two conversational partners |
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| according to Ribeau and associates, this refers to powerlessness and assertiveness in conversations with African Americans. Sometimes, African Americans can feel powerless when conversing with White conversational partners |
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| High “contact”: emotion al expressiveness; use of proverbs: dichos |
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| questions added to a statement of assertion |
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| words or phrases that’s soften statements |
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| ➢ A culture learning process experienced by individuals and/or groups who are exposed to or come into contact with a new culture or ethnic |
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| Intrinsic personal characteristics |
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| take longer; worldview, values, cultural norms |
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| more rapid changes; diet, clothing, language |
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| Berry’s Model of Acculturation |
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1) Assimilationist: host culture only
2) Separationist: original culture only
3) Marginalist: neither culture
4) Integrationist: both cultures – balance |
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| competent in host culture; not giving up on original |
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| combining both cultures; to form new culture |
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| sees original culture as of many cultures accepted by society |
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| a theory that attempts to determine the cause of a behavior. Two major dimensions are internal-external and stable-unstable |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal, stable) causes of behaviors and to underestimate external cause |
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| Ultimate attribution error |
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| the tendency to ascribe that causes of a behavior to dispositional characteristics of the group rather than to an individual |
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| a generalization about a group or its members based upon their categorization |
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| a negative judgment about a group or its members based upon their categorization |
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| a negative behavior toward a group or its members based upon their categorization |
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| a fear that one will confirm the negative stereotype of a group to which one belongs in an area in which the individual excels |
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| Cognitive dissonance theory |
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| a theory that suggests that when two cognitions are in conflict, a person will be motivated to change one of them to reduce the unsettled feelings caused by the discrepancy |
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| looking down upon; pitying |
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| looking down on someone with disgust |
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| discriminatory behavior in which those in the majority engage in open, hostile acts of aggression against racial minorities consciously and unapologetically; aware, but try to disguise it |
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| Convert, intentional racism |
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| discriminatory behavior that is intentional but is covered up so that one can deny his or her racism |
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| an issue that does not overtly involve race but is used to promote racism through issue that are associated with one racial group and not White majority group, even if this is association is not |
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| Convert, unintentional racism |
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| discriminatory behavior that is unintentional but serves to perpetuate ongoing racist acts or traditions; more dangerous; microaggressions |
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| convert, unintentional discriminatory behavior practiced by individuals who would deny being racist and who would be appalled to realize that they were engaging in racist acts; in denial; mixed feelings towards a group; response amplification – over compensate for |
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| How to “blot out racial prejudice |
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| degree to which such views are held varies from culture to culture, and is related to cultural differences in gender equality |
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| 5 stages; The Negro-to-Black Conversion Experience Theory |
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| 1st stage of Nigrescence; downplay of importance of race; emphasis on religion, social class, etc.; negative attitude towards African Americans |
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| 2nd stage of Nigrescene; a significant experience(s) causes questioning feelings of self as an African American |
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| 3rd stage of Nigrescene; African Americans immerse themselves in Black culture & feel liberated from White culture |
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| 4th stage of Nigrescene; Minority group members learn to balance their racial identity with other group identities |
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| Internalization/commitment |
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| 5th stage of Nigrescene; Plan of action; comfort with ones own culture and with the dominant culture |
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| William Cross’s new expanded theory |
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1) Buffering: Identity protection (stigma-related threat), Like being ready for stereotype threat
2) code-switching: negotiating the mainstream, how are some mainstream norms/standards different?, stressful – need to “debrief”
3) bridging: related to Discovery, intimacy across social/cultural boundaries |
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