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| Theory of the universe that states the earth is the center, and that the sun revolves around it. |
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| Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, and that the earth revolves around it. |
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| An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works |
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| The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war. |
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| Uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe. |
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| Italian physicist and astronomer. |
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| 1642–1727, English philosopher and mathematician: formulator of the law of gravitation. |
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| causes of scientific revolution |
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| belifes of tradition and religion |
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1632-1704.
English philosopher. In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) he set out the principles of empiricism, and his Two Treatises on Government (1690) influenced the Declaration of Independence. |
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| a philosophical movement of the 18th century, characterized by belief in the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious, and educational doctrine. |
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| 1588–1679, English philosopher and author |
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| a political theory that individuals have basic rights given to them by nature or God that no individual or government can deny |
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| the voluntary agreement among individuals by which, according to any of various theories, as of Hobbes, Locke, or Rousseau, organized society is brought into being and invested with the right to secure mutual protection and welfare or to regulate the relations among its members |
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- A radical or extreme leftist.
- A radical republican during the French Revolution.
- A Dominican friar
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| (in Marxist theory) the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values. |
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| A person of European descent born in the West Indies or Spanish America. |
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| peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas (known as criollos). |
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| José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. |
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| (François Marie Arouet[image]), 1694–1778, French philosopher, historian, satirist, dramatist, and essayist |
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| (Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu[image]) 1689–1755, French philosophical writer. |
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| 1712–78, French philosopher, author, and social reformer; born in Switzerland. |
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| an assembly of guests in such a room, esp. an assembly, common during the 17th and 18th centuries, consisting of the leaders in society, art, politics, etc. |
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The Enlightened Despots... Catholic empress working within the structure of a
paternalistic, baroque absolutism and was unsympathetic to the Enlightenment |
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| the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations. |
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| a monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution |
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The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des
Français) is the French civil code, established under Napoléon I. It was drafted |
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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of
Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich and |
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| a distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others. |
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is a national hero of Mexico. In his honour, the state
of Hidalgo and city of Dolores Hidalgo are named for him, |
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| an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. |
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1974 and asks what he thinks the consequences of the Fr. Revolution have been.
.... The media causes enormous pressures of acceptability. |
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| 1754–93, king of France 1774–92 (grandson of Louis XV and husband of Marie Antoinette). |
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bourgeosiie middle class. poor workers rural peasants |
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| Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (IPA: [maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ]); (6 May 1758–28 July 1794) is one of the best-known figures of the French Revolution. He studied at College of Louis-le-Grand in Paris and became a lawyer. |
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| in some countries, the name of a legislature or the lower house of a bicameral legislature |
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| The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of violence that occurred fifteen months after the onset of the French Revolution, |
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| an agreement between the pope and a secular government regarding the regulation of church matters |
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| napoleon impact on europe |
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In addition, Napoleon also waged economic war, attempting to enforce a Europe-wide
commercial boycott of Britain called the "Continental System", |
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| 1783–1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. |
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| 1743–1803, Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion |
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| assets remaining after deduction of liabilities; the net worth of a business. |
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| a building or group of buildings with facilities for the manufacture of goods |
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| an association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members. |
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| the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change. |
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| the production or manufacture of goods in large quantities, esp. by machinery. |
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| | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. |
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socialist in England: collaborated with Karl Marx in systematizing Marxism. | 2. | a city in the Russian Federation in Europe, on the Volga River, opposite Saratov. 182,000. |
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- often Utopian Of, relating to, describing or having the characteristics of a Utopia: a Utopian island; Utopian novels.
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| 1807–82, Italian patriot and general. |
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The term realpolitik is often used pejoratively to imply politics that are
coercive, amoral, or Machiavellian. Realpolitik is a depiction of foreign policy |
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| 1796–1859, U.S. educational reformer: instrumental in establishing the first normal school in the U.S. 1839. |
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Until the 1960s historians believed that there had been an 18th-century revolution
in agriculture, similar to the revolution that occurred in industry. |
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Historically, laissez-faire was a reaction against mercantilism, ... In the hands
of Jeremy Bentham the doctrine of laissez-faire became a philosophy of |
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| to make or cause to become urban, as a locality. |
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Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals, groups,
nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies |
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Capitalism is an economic system in which property is owned by private persons
and operated for profit [1] and where investments, distribution, income, ... |
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Unions.org is a union members directory of unions and union friendly businesses
that provide discounts to union members, Unions.org is the largest directory ... |
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| the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class. |
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Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Conte di Cavour, Conte di Isolabella e
Leri (August 10, 1810 – June 7, 1861) was a leading figure in the movement |
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| 1935, German aircraft designer and builder. |
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| a person who exercises or tries to exercise absolute authority; autocrat. |
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| sometimes initial capital letters[image]) the totality of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. |
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| 1723–90, Scottish economist. |
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| the quality or state of being liberal, as in behavior or attitude. |
| 2. | a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. |
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| a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs. |
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| An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a new enterprise or venture and assumes full accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome. |
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Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th-century philosopher,
political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist and ... |
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| Manifesto issued by Marx in 1848, regarded as founding documents of Communism. |
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| 1805–72, Italian patriot and revolutionary. |
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| 1815–98, German statesman: first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–90. |
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| | a collection of various resources which contribute to producing goods or services |
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| The Berlin Conference ( German : Kongokonferenz or " Congo Conference ") of 1884 – 85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power |
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| a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857–59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown |
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| 1869–1964, Filipino leader during the Spanish-American war: opposed to U.S. occupation |
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| The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice |
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| The expedition to Japan, which resulted in a treaty of peace between that country and the United States in 1854 |
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| During the 1800's nationalism became popular for the people who shared a common language, history, or culture. |
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| a strong military spirit or policy. |
| 2. | the principle or policy of maintaining a large military establishment. |
| 3. | the tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military. |
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Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The “association of nations” Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations. (See also Treaty of Versailles.) |
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| the alliance (1882–1915) of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. |
| 2. | a league (1717) of France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands against Spain. |
| 3. | a league (1668) of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands against France |
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| Britain, France, Russia), with the nations allied with them (Belgium, Serbia, Japan, Italy, etc., not including the United States), or, loosely, with all the nations (including the United States) allied or associated with them as opposed to the Central Powers |
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| a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties; truce: World War I ended with the armistice of 1918. |
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| Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924 |
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| The Great Purge ( Russian : Большая чистка, transliterated Bolshaya chistka ) refers collectively to several related campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the 1930s |
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| A prosperous landed peasant in czarist Russia, characterized by the Communists during the October Revolution as an exploiter. |
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| the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. |
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| A Dutch colonist or descendant of a Dutch colonist in South Africa. |
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| The Opium Wars ( simplified Chinese : 鸦片战争; traditional Chinese : 鴉片戰爭; pinyin : Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng), also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars , lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 respectively, the climax of a trade dispute between China and the United Kingdom |
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| a member of a Chinese secret society that carried on an unsuccessful uprising, 1898–1900 (Boxer Rebellion), principally against foreigners, culminating in a siege of foreign legations in Peking that was put down by an international expeditionary force. |
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| A turning point in Japanese history in 1868 when the last shogun was overthrown and the emperor assumed direct control over the nation. The following Meiji Period (1868–1912) was marked by Japan's opening to the West and the establishment of a strong centralized government. |
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| Once it has downloaded, it will show the nations of Europe before World War I. The three empires made up the Triple Alliance, which became the central powers after the war started. |
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| Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static. Trench warfare arose when there was a revolution in firepower without similar advances in mobility. The result was a slow and grueling form of defense-oriented warfare |
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| the policy, as stated by President Monroe in 1823, that the U.S. opposed further European colonization of and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. |
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| | an informal understanding among Great Britain, France, and Russia based on a Franco-Russian military alliance (1894), an Anglo-French entente (1904), and an Anglo-Russian entente (1907). It was considered a counterbalance to the Triple Alliance but was terminated when the Bolsheviks came into control in Russia in 1917. |
| 2. | the member nations of this entente |
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| a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full financial resources are devoted |
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| an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919): dissolved April 1946. |
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| Soviet politician. The successor of Lenin, he was general secretary of the Communist Party (1922-1953) and premier (1941-1953) of the USSR. His rule was marked by the exile of Trotsky (1929), a purge of the government and military, the forced collectivization of agriculture, a policy of industrialization, and a victorious but devastating role for the Soviets in World War II |
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| An economy that is planned and controlled by a central administration, as in the former Soviet Union. |
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| the alleged duty of the white race to care for subject peoples of other races in its colonial possessions. |
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| A war in which Great Britain fought against the Transvaal and Orange Free State, 1899–1902. |
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| A place or situation of great suffering and hardship, likened to the atmosphere in a prison system or a forced labor camp. |
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| A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation. |
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| The Scramble for Africa , also known as the Race for Africa , was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and World War I in 1914. The last fifth of the 19th century saw the transition from "informal |
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| archduke francis ferdinand |
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| Manchester Guardian (29th June, 1914) The Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, nephew of the aged Emperor and heir to the throne, was assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, the Bosnian ... |
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| the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans |
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| a corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country. |
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| in World War I) Germany and Austria-Hungary, often with their allies Turkey and Bulgaria, as opposed to the Allies. |
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| a committee of cardinals, established in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV, having supervision over foreign missions and the training of priests for these missions. |
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| a member of the more radical majority of the Social Democratic party, 1903–17, advocating immediate and forceful seizure of power by the proletariat. |
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| the practices and principles of a totalitarian regime. |
| 2. | absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution. |
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| any plan for national economic or industrial development specifying goals to be reached within a period of five years, esp. as undertaken by the Soviet Union and China |
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fascism, totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. The name was first used by the party started by Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy from 1922 until the Italian defeat in World War II. However, it has also been applied to similar ideologies in other countries, e.g., to National Socialism in Germany and to the regime of Francisco Franco in Spain. The term is derived from the Latin fasces. Characteristics of Fascist Philosophy |
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| The Weimar Republic is the nickname given to the German state from 1919 to 1933. It was dubbed the "Weimar Republic" by historians in honor of the city of Weimar , where a national assembly convened to write and adopt a new constitution (which became effective on August 11 |
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| the principles or methods of the Nazis. |
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| to yield or concede to the belligerent demands of (a nation, group, person, etc.) in a conciliatory effort, sometimes at the expense of justice or other principles. |
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| in World War II) the series of aerial combats that took place between British and German aircraft during the autumn of 1940 and that included the severe bombardment of British cities |
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| | a harbor near Honolulu, on S Oahu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941. |
| 2. | any significant or crippling defeat, betrayal, loss, etc., that comes unexpectedly. |
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| Military. the day, usually unspecified, set for the beginning of a planned attack. |
| 2. | June 6, 1944, the day of the invasion of western Europe by Allied forces in World War II. |
| 3. | Informal. any day of special significance, as one marking an important event or goal. |
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| | a country, government, or the form of government in which absolute power is exercised by a dictator. |
| 2. | absolute, imperious, or overbearing power or control. |
| 3. | the office or position held by a dictator. |
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| to form a colony: They went out to Australia to colonize. |
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| The Salt Satyagraha was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12 , 1930 . It was the first act of organized opposition to British rule after Purna Swaraj , the declaration of independence |
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| a race, people, or nation, as the Germans during the Nazi period, whose members consider themselves superior to all others and therefore justified in conquering and ruling them. |
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| a conference held in Yalta in February 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill planned the final stages of World War II and agreed to the territorial division of Europe |
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| Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism , also known as judeophobia ) is prejudice and hostility toward Jews as a religious , racial , or ethnic group . While the term's etymology indicates that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic peoples , since ... |
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| 1883–1945, Italian Fascist leader: premier of Italy 1922–43. |
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| the autobiography (1925–27) of Adolf Hitler, setting forth his political philosophy and his plan for German conquest |
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| Also called Churchill River. Formerly, Hamilton River. a river in SW Labrador, Newfoundland, in E Canada, flowing SE and N through Lake Melville to the Atlantic Ocean. ab. 600 mi. (965 km) long. |
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great or complete devastation or destruction, esp. by fire. | 2. | a sacrifice completely consumed by fire; burnt offering. |
| 3. | (usually initial capital letter[image]) the systematic mass slaughter of European Jews in Nazi concentration camps during World War II (usually prec. by the). |
| 4. | any mass slaughter or reckless destruction of life. |
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| a group of countries that opposed the Allied powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia |
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| leader who went to prison several times and threatned to fast for several days |
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| Logic. the separation of a whole into its integrant parts. |
| 9. | Mathematics. | a. | a mode of separating a positive whole number into a sum of positive whole numbers. |
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| For the annual global security meeting held in Munich, see Munich Conference on Security Policy The Munich Agreement ( Czech : Mnichovská dohoda ; Slovak : Mníchovská dohoda ; German : Münchner Abkommen ) was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland Crisis among the major powers of Europe |
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| The Great Depression (also known in the U.K. as the Great Slump ) was a dramatic, worldwide economic downturn beginning in some countries as early as 1928. The beginning of the Great Depression in the United States is associated with the stock market crash on October 29 1929 , |
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| Adolf Hitler's 12 years as ruler of Germany, which led to the deaths of millions in World War II, have made him one of history's most hated villains. A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party in 1919, later renaming it the National |
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| Germany during the Nazi regime 1933–45. |
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| 1935–40; < G, equiv. to Blitz lightning + Krieg war[image]] |
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| the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group. |
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| general, allies are individuals, groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common or purpose. Allies spelled with a capital "A", usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World |
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| | A nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission . As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives , and a single weapon |
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| Welcome to the Super Powers Archive. This site is designed to present information regarding the Kenner Super Powers toy line and make available pictures that would otherwise be hard to find. |
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| opposition to a government or to specific governmental laws by the use of noncooperation and other nonviolent methods, as economic boycotts and protest marches |
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| the German state secret police during the Nazi regime, organized in 1933 and notorious for its brutal methods and operations. |
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| The origin of the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. ... The "Final Solution" was implemented in stages. After the June 1933 Nazi party rise to power |
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| 1893–1976, Chinese Communist leader: chairman of the People's Republic of China 1949–59; chairman of the Chinese Communist party 1943–76. |
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sometimes initial capital letters[image]) a barrier to understanding and the exchange of information and ideas created by ideological, political, and military hostility of one country toward another, esp. such a barrier between the Soviet Union and its allies and other countries. | 2. | an impenetrable barrier to communication or information, esp. as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy. |
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| Informal. any comprehensive program for federally supported economic assistance, as for urban renewal. |
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| The Great Leap Forward ( simplified Chinese : 大跃进; traditional Chinese : 大躍進; pinyin : Dàyuèjìn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1960 which aimed to use China 's vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily |
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| The domino theory was a foreign policy theory, promoted by the government of the United States , that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism , then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect . The domino effect suggests that |
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Cambodian guerrilla and rebel force and political opposition movement, originally Communist and Communist-backed. | 2. | a member or supporter of this force. |
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| Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971) [syn: |
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| a relaxing of tension, esp. between nations, as by negotiations or agreements |
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The Full Merriam Webster Dictionary on Your PC. Download Free Now!
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| (sometimes initial capital letter[image]) a revolt begun in December 1987 by Palestinian Arabs to protest Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. |
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| Chiang Kai-shek ( October 31 , 1887 – April 5 , 1975 ) served as Generalissimo of the national government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 until his death in 1975, taking control of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. Chiang led nationalist troops |
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| in a nuclear power plant) an enclosure completely surrounding a nuclear reactor, designed to prevent the release of radioactive material in the event of an accident. |
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| an organization formed in Washington, D.C. (1949), comprising the 12 nations of the Atlantic Pact together with Greece, Turkey, and the Federal Republic of Germany, for the purpose of collective defense against aggression. |
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| The parallel 38° north is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane . The 38th parallel north has been especially important in the recent history of Korea . Starting at the prime meridian heading eastwards, the parallel 38° north |
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| 1901–1963, South Vietnamese statesman: president of the Republic of South Vietnam 1956–63. |
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Fidel Castro Castro was born on Aug. 13, 1926 (some sources give 1927), on a farm in Mayari municipality in the province of Oriente.
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| Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982) |
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| Mindful of their obligations under Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, ... until that is completed, the following arrangements will prevail: when SALT is in session, |
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| Arafat will remain the Palestinian leader as long as he lives, but this fact will ensure that there will be no peace or Palestinian state |
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Africa Apartheid, social and political policy of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by white minority governments in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.
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| the 6000-mi. (9654-km) retreat of the Chinese Communist party and Red Army from southeastern China (Jiangxi province) to the northwest (Yanan in Shaanxi province) in 1934–35, during which Mao Zedong became leader of the Communist party. |
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| he policy of President Truman, as advocated in his address to Congress on March 12, 1947, to provide military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey and, by extension, to any country threatened by Communism or any totalitarian ideology. |
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| an organization formed in Warsaw, Poland (1955), comprising Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the U.S.S.R., for collective defense under a joint military command. |
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| 1890?–1969, North Vietnamese political leader: president of North Vietnam 1954–69 |
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| a Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam. |
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| Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) |
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| confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods of the cold war. The Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, placed Soviet military missiles in Cuba, which had come under Soviet influence since the success of the Cuban Revolution three years earlier. President John F. Kennedy of the United States set up a naval blockade of Cuba and insisted that Khrushchev remove the missiles. Khrushchev did. |
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| A biography, with photographs. ... Born into a family of 13 children in 1918, Anwar al-Sadat grew up among average Egyptian villagers in the town of Mit Abul Kom 40 miles to the north of Cairo. |
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| a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt issuing from talks at Camp David between Egyptian President Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Begin, and the host, U.S. President Carter: signed in 1979. |
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| Nelson (Ro·lih·lah·la)born 1918, South African black antiapartheid activist: president of South Africa 1994–99 |
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| Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) |
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| The first-ever popularly elected leader of Russia, Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a protégé of Mikhail Gorbachev's. |
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| a bay of the Caribbean Sea in SW Cuba: site of attempted invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro forces April 1961. |
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| the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration. |
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| the declared public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and frankly discussing economic and political realities: initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. |
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| 1904–97, Chinese Communist leader and China's de facto leader: held various titles in the Communist Party until his official retirement in 1989. |
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| a statement, issued by the British government on November 2, 1917, favoring the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jews but without prejudice to the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. |
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| Russian. the program of economic and political reform in the Soviet Union initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986. |
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The jubilation following the incarceration of the Gang of Four and the popularity of the new ruling triumvirate (Hua Guofeng , Ye Jianying , and Li Xiannian , a temporary alliance of necessity) ...
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Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture that covers everythingfrom anti-Semitism to Zionism. It includes a glossary, bibliography of web sites and books, biographies, articles, original ...
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