What is varied in a melody is the fundamental frequency

Allows us to recognize a tune played from different instruments

Quality

May change as long as fundamental frequency (pitch) remains constant

A melody can be recognized even if we move the entire thing up and down in pitch, as long as the ______ pitches stay the same

Disonance

Pattern of voice pitch and rhythm in speech

The meaning of a word can be changed by changes in the pitch contour

There are more of these than non-___ languages

Perceptual component of music

Can be seen in the waveform as structures that repeat at lower frequencies than 20 Hz

Perceived equal durations of syllables

Spanish, French, and Finnish

Perceived equal time spacing between stressed syllables

English, Dutch, German, and Russian

Rapid fire rushed of speech, monotone

Parkinson's disease

Irregular and unpredictable rhythm

Huntington's chorea

Prolonged vowels, equal-even rhythm

ALS

Scanning syllable-by-syllable speech

Traumatic brain injury

Guitar Sounds

are a result of:

The string vibration

The body vibration

The air inside vibration

depends on:

mass

stiffness

length

Vibrates with the guitar string vibration, therefore moving masses of air

Piano Soundboard

Pitch will change to each

The strings of a guitar will vibrate in different modes, corresponding to these

Created an instrument that used the musicians hands in a magnetic field to create the electrical wave

Distance of hand from one antenna controls amplitude

Distance of hand from other antenna controls frequency

Repeating change in pressure

Movement will open and close the flow of air which will lead to a vibration that is the source of our sound

1. Air in the mouth at pressure above atmosphere

2. Lips are opened by pressure

3. Air rushes out, lowers pressure in mouth, the high speed air generates suction on the lips

4. Tension and suction between lips pulls them shut

5. Shut lips allows pressure to build up in mouth

By changing the tension, the fundamental frequency can be controlled

Wind instrument in Australia.Trunk of a Euclayptus tree, honed out by termites with bees wax in one end

Does't amplify correct harmonics, plays a single note by buzzing lips

Can change the timbre by changing the shape of vocal tract

F0- 322 Hz

Amplitude- 59 dB

Lungs, muscles, rib cage, diaphragm, and trachea

Build and release subglottal pressure, serves as air pump in speech production

Controls the amount of air needed for breathing and speaking

Produced by an inward flow of air

Deviant production in children and languages other than English

Periodic puffs of air

Results in voiced sounds-vowels

Vocal Folds

F0- 100 Hz

Amplitude- 68 dB

Due to the mass of the vocal folds

Men- 100 Hz

Women- 200 Hz

Children- 300 Hz

Multiples of the fundamental frequency

Amplitude decreases as frequency increases

Leads to an oral sound- such as s or b

Average Female Tube

The resulting sound of the source passing through the filter

Sound travels though more quickly, leads to higher frequency resonances (formants)

Leads to a change in timbre, not pitch

Voiced source- vocal fold vibration

Shape of tube gives different formant frequencies

558 consonants

260 vowels

51 diphthongs

52

 About how many different languages there are in the world

To ovserve the spectrum over some period of time

Frequency x time

Voiced- 60%

Unvoiced- 25%

Silence- 15%

Singing

Voiced- 90-95%

Unvoiced- 5-10%

Duration is longer and the F0 is much higher

Rapid, periodic, fluctuation in the F0

The fluctuation is also apparent in all the harmonics

Equivalent to the power spectrum of the signal's amplitude envelope which depicts the distribution of energy in the amplitude fluctuations across frequencies

The amplitude envelope is extracted, in which allows us to then calculate the power spectrum

This occurs for the entire signal, as well as seven octave bands