Term
| What occurs with classic conditioning? |
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Definition
| When a weak stimulus (conditioned stimulus) that normally does not elicit a response is paired with a strong stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that always elicits a response. |
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Term
| What deficits occur with cerebellar patients? |
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Definition
| inability to acquire conditioned eye blink responses however, retainement of previously learned eye blink responses. |
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Term
| What occurs with saccade adaptations? |
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Definition
The visual system is tricked by changing the target position as eye movement occurs, reducing the effective number of saccades needed. After subsequent trials, saccades produced are simply higher in amplitude and fewer in frequency. The brain learns ! |
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Term
| What deficits occur with cerebellar lesions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe this graph:[image] |
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Definition
| The prism alters the perception of visual stimuli. The adjustment occurs at both visual and proprioreceptive levels. After the prism is removed, there is a negative aftereffect. |
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Term
| How do we know that the adjustment is visual and proprioreceptive? |
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Definition
-If it only affected the visual region, then both hands would be affected. -If it was purely proprioreceptive, then an afteraffect would occur in any motor output generated in the arm used during exposure. (NOT THE CASE) |
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Term
| What areas of the brain are involved with the Prism Adaptation? |
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Definition
Cerebellum, Posterior Parietal Cortex and Pre-Motor Cortex. |
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Term
| How do cells respond with or without visual feedback? |
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Definition
| Visually-responsive cells respond differently depending on whether arm is visible during movement. |
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Term
| What does the impairment of Pre-Motor Cortex result in? |
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Definition
| Disfunction of visually guided tasks ( not internally generated tasks) |
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Term
| What does the cerebellum code for in regards to the Prism Adaptation? |
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Definition
| visual tracking, and visually guided movements! |
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Term
| What occurs with a cerebellar lesion patient? |
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Definition
Subjects have difficulty in pointing at stationary targets or following moving targets. TRACKING OBJECTS |
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Term
| What does Parkinson's Disease affect? |
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Definition
Degenerative disease affecting the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticula and it's dopamine producing cells. |
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Term
| Define the Excitotoxicity of Parkinson's disease |
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Definition
| The metabolization of hydrogen peroxide is normally broken down by glutathione. In Parkinson's disease there is a decrease in Glutathione levels in the substantia nigra, which leads to a build up of hydrogen peroxide and free radicals leading to cell death. |
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Term
| What are the effects of Parkinson's Disease? |
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Definition
An imbalance in the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the thalamus. Too little input from the excitatory Substantia Nigra, and too much inhibitory input from Putamen. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? |
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Definition
T-tremor, occurs during resting and typically in hands R- rigidity, or stiffness of joints A- akinesia, or difficulty to initiate movements. P-postural imbalances, or instable gait
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Term
| What is the difference between patients with cerebellar lesions and patients with Parkinson's. |
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Definition
| Tremors occur at rest during parkinson's disease, while tremors occur during movement with cerebellar lesions. |
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Term
| Why do parkinson's patients use both agonist/antagonist muscle groups during postural perturbation trials? |
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Definition
| They have an inability to adjust postural control to specific contexts, and therefore use the most complex adjustments no matter the context. |
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Term
| What are some possible techniques to repair Parkinson's disease. |
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Definition
-L-Dopa -Transplantation of dopamine reducing cells -Neurosurgically to repair imbalances of imputs to thalamus by lesioning/stimulating specific cites in the basal ganglia. |
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