Term
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Definition
| extremes of emotion or affect—soaring elation or deep depression—dominate the clinical picture. Other symptoms are also present, but abnormal mood is the defining feature |
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Term
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Definition
| involves feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection, |
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Term
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Definition
| intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria |
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Term
| unipolar depressive disorders |
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Definition
| a person experiences only depressive episodes |
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Term
| bipolar and related disorders |
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Definition
| a person experiences both depressive and manic episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| a person is markedly depressed or loses interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks, as well as other symptoms such as changes in sleep or appetite, or feelings of worthlessness (see the DSM-5 box for diagnostic criteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| a person shows a markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence—particularly when others refuse to go along with the manic person’s wishes and schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 4 days. In addition, the person must have at least three other symptoms similar to those involved in mania but to a lesser degree |
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Term
| major depressive episodes |
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Definition
| periods of very low moods |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
may experience a loss of energy, too much or too little sleep, decreased appetite and weight loss, an increase or slowdown in mental and physical activity, difficulty concentrating, irrational guilt, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time, a situation that probably reflects the fact that the underlying episode of depression has not yet run its course |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the onset of a new episode of depression |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns of symptoms or features that are important to note when making a diagnosis because these patterns have implications for understanding more about the course of the disorder and its most effective treatment |
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Term
| major depressive episode with melancholic features |
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Definition
| applied when, in addition to meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a patient either has lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to usually pleasurable stimuli or desired events |
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Term
| severe major depressive episode with psychotic features |
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Definition
Psychotic symptoms, characterized by loss of contact with reality and delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), may sometimes accompany other symptoms of major depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| any delusions or hallucinations seem in some sense appropriate to serious depression because the content is negative in tone, such as themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, deserved punishment, death, or disease. |
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Term
| Major depressive episode with atypical features |
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Definition
| includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by mood reactivity; that is, the person’s mood brightens in response to potential positive events |
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Term
| Major depressive episode with catatonic features |
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Definition
| includes a range of psychomotor symptoms, from motoric immobility (catalepsy—a stuporous state) to extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity. |
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Term
| recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern |
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Definition
| also commonly known as seasonal affective disorder- when individuals who experience recurrent depressive episodes show a seasonal pattern |
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Term
| Persistent depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by persistently depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents). |
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Term
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Definition
| When PDD and MDD co-occur in the same person |
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Term
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Definition
also known as depressogenic schemas
are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive |
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Term
| negative automatic thoughts |
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Definition
| thoughts that often occur just below the surface of awareness and involve unpleasant, pessimistic predictions. |
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Term
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Definition
| include negative thoughts about (1) self (“I’m worth- less”); (2) world (“No one loves me”); and (3) future (“It’s hopeless because things will always be this way”) |
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Term
| Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning |
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Definition
| involves a tendency to think in extremes |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| involves jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so |
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Term
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Definition
| the action of regarding a quality or feature as characteristic of or possessed by a person or thing |
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Term
| pessimistic attributional style |
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Definition
| an inclination towards writing off positive events as external, stable and specific, in other words, the good things that happen are due to some external factor that won't have longevity |
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Term
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Definition
involves a pattern of repetitive and relatively passive mental activity
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the repeated experience of hypomanic symptoms for a period of at least 2 years |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of attacks of elation and depression, with periods of relative normality in between |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, either intermixed or alternating rapidly every few days. |
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Term
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Definition
| the person does not experience full-blown manic (or mixed) episodes but has experienced clear-cut hypomanic episodes as well as major depressive episodes. |
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Term
| bipolar disorder with a seasonal pattern |
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Definition
| the recurrences can be seasonal in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| those who go through periods of rapid cycling usually experience many more than four episodes a year. |
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Term
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) |
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Definition
| inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin once released. |
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Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
| increase neurotransmission of the monoamines, primarily norepinephrine and to a lesser extent serotonin |
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Definition
| treat depression by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is one of the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that carry signals between brain nerve cells (neurons). SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin into neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| they exert mood-stabilizing effects in either direction |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
often used with patients who are severely depressed (especially among the elderly) and who may present an immediate and serious suicidal risk, including those with psychotic or melancholic features. The treatments, which induce seizures, are delivered under general anesthesia and with muscle relaxants
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Term
| cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
a relatively brief form of treatment (usually 10 to 20 sessions) that focuses on here-and-now problems rather than on the more remote causal issues that psychodynamic psychotherapy often addresses
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Term
| behavioral activation treatment |
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Definition
| approach focuses intensively on getting patients to become more active and engaged with their environment and with their interpersonal relationships |
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Term
| interpersonal therapy (IPT) |
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Definition
| focuses on current relationship issues, trying to help the person understand and change maladaptive interaction patterns |
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Term
| nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) |
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Definition
| refers to direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue (often taking the form of cutting or burning one’s own skin) in the absence of any intent to die |
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