Term
| What are the traits of a Hominid? (2) |
|
Definition
Nonhoning Chewing
Bipedal Locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What is Nonhoning Chewing? (4) |
|
Definition
No slicing, mainly grinding
No projecting canines or diastema
Pressure on front portion of chewing muscles
Thicker enamal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gap between two teeth, commonly between incisors and molars |
|
|
Term
| What are the two traits of Bipedal Locomotion? |
|
Definition
Getting around on two feet
Considered evolved before large brain size |
|
|
Term
| Why do evolutionists think bipedalism evolved? (3) |
|
Definition
Arms/hands free to carry objects
energy efficient locomotion
keep body cooler
suspensory feeders |
|
|
Term
| What objects did bipedalism supposedly allow to be carried? |
|
Definition
use of weapons
use of ground and tree resources
for males to assist with gathering food for females |
|
|
Term
| What are suspensory feeders? |
|
Definition
| critters that hang below the branches to feed; supposedly bipedalism allowed easier access to food on these low branches |
|
|
Term
| What are the costs of bipedalism in hominids? (4) |
|
Definition
predation risks
risk of back injury
varicose veins
leg and foot injury |
|
|
Term
| Where were the early hominids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the "earliest" hominids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three preaustralopithecines? |
|
Definition
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Sahelanthropus tchadensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Sahelanthropus tchadensis's brain size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hominid traids does Sahelanthropus tchadensis show? |
|
Definition
foramen magnum
nonhoning chewing |
|
|
Term
| What is a foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
| It is the hole in the base of our skull, through which the spinal cord passes. For bipedal creatures, it is more central to the skull than for quadrupedal creatures |
|
|
Term
| What is nonhoning chewing? |
|
Definition
No slicing, mainly grinding
Lack of projecting canine and diastema
Pressure on front portion of chewing muscles
Thicker enamel |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Orrorin tugenensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nickname of Orrorin tugenensis? |
|
Definition
| Millennium man, also know as the original man in the Tugen region |
|
|
Term
| Where was Orrorin tugenensis found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of environment did Orrorin tugenensis live in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What traits did Orrorin tugenensis have? |
|
Definition
curved finger bond
nonhoning chewing
femur curves inward |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Ardipithecus ramidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Ardipithecus ramidus found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the brain size of Ardipithecus ramidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the arms of Ardipithecus ramidus like? |
|
Definition
equal limb lengths
Long lower arm and fingers |
|
|
Term
| What is the pelvis of Ardipithecus ramidus like? |
|
Definition
| It has ape and human traits? |
|
|
Term
| Was Ardipithecus ramidus bipedal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus have an arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus have a diverged big toe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Australopithecines? (6) |
|
Definition
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
A. garhi
Australopithecus sediba
Australopithecus africanus
Robust Australopithecines |
|
|
Term
| What is the other name for Robust Australopithecines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Australopithecus anamensis found? |
|
Definition
| Lake Turkana and Etheopia |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Australopithecus anamensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the distinctive traits of Australopithecus anamensis? |
|
Definition
Large canines
Parallel dental arcade
Signs of weight bearing stress from upright walking |
|
|
Term
| What does weight bearing stress indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left off on bottom of page 2, chapter 10 notes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 7 traits allow bipedalism? |
|
Definition
S Spine
Straight toes
Double Arches
Forenum magnum
Swiveling hips
Thigh bones femur angles inward |
|
|
Term
| Where were early hominids found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is sahelanthrropus tchadensis important? |
|
Definition
| Its date of 7-6 mya puts bipeds in Myocene era |
|
|
Term
| Why is orrorin tugenensis important? |
|
Definition
| Its date of 6 may puts bipeds in Myocene era |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of orrorin tugenensis? |
|
Definition
Curved finger bone (like apes, infers tree climbing)
Nonhoning chewing (like human)
Long neck on femur (like human)
6 mya |
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of Sahelanthropus tchadensis? |
|
Definition
Foramen magnum is halfway between human and chimp
Nonhoning chewing
7-6 mya |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pre-australopithecines? |
|
Definition
orrorin tugenensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
|
|
Term
| What do scientists call the earliest hominids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was orrorin tugenensis found? |
|
Definition
| Lake Turkana in Rift Valley, a forested environment |
|
|
Term
| Why is Ardipithecus ramidus special? |
|
Definition
Its big toe is divergent,
showing it likely spent time in trees and on the ground |
|
|
Term
| What is the brain size of ardipithecus ramidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of ardipithecus ramidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the arms of ardipithecus ramidus. |
|
Definition
equal limb lengths
Long lower arm and fingers (like apes)
Pelvis has ape and human traits |
|
|
Term
| Describe the feet of ardipithecus ramidus. |
|
Definition
diverged big toe
(with grasping ability but not as strong as an ape)
No arch |
|
|
Term
| What does Australopithecine mean? |
|
Definition
Southern Ape
original finds were in South Africa |
|
|
Term
| What are australopithecus anamensis found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of australopithecus anamensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the teeth of australopithecus anamensis. |
|
Definition
Large Canines (halfway between apes and humans)
Parallel tooth rows (like apes) |
|
|
Term
| What shape does a human tooth arcade have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape does a australopithecus anamensis tooth arcade have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the bones of australopithecus anamensis? |
|
Definition
Signs of weight bearing stress in knee joint scans
infer upright walking |
|
|
Term
| Where was Australopithicus afarensis found? |
|
Definition
| Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rift Valley; Africa |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the general body attributes of Australopithicus afarensis? (KNOW THIS!) |
|
Definition
Apelike from waist up
Humanlike from waist down |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental arcade of Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the shoulders like of Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the arms like of Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fingers like of Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
| curved (probably decent in trees) |
|
|
Term
| What are the general arm and leg attributes of Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of a chimp pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of a human pelvis? |
|
Definition
| short and wide; basin-shaped |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of Lucy's nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Australopithicus afarensis |
|
|
Term
| Does Lucy have subnasal prognathism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is subnasal prognathism? |
|
Definition
| The face juts out below the nose (found in chimps) |
|
|
Term
| How does Lucy's dental arcade compare with a chimps? |
|
Definition
| The canines are smaller, with wear mostly on the tips |
|
|
Term
| What is the species of the Dikitha skull? |
|
Definition
| Australopithicus afarensis |
|
|
Term
| What is the estimated age of the Dikitha skull at death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the Dikitha skull have a hyoid bone? |
|
Definition
| Yes - it could not speak like humans |
|
|
Term
| What are the Laetoli footprints? |
|
Definition
| fossilized humanoid footprints, with another animal track fossilized with them. |
|
|
Term
| Who likely made the Laetoli footprints? |
|
Definition
| Australopithicus afarensis, possibly others |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of the Laetoli footprints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Laetoli footprints show? |
|
Definition
an arch
toes going the same direction, as a human's do
No knuckle prints of signs of quadrapedalism |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the foramen magnum on Lucy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is shown on the base of Lucy's skull? |
|
Definition
| flares - it shows she leaned forward |
|
|
Term
| Where was Australopithicus garhi found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Australopithicus garhi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is significant about Australopithicus garhi? |
|
Definition
We find its bones with butchered animal bones;
this infers tool-use |
|
|
Term
| What is the brain size of Australopithicus garhi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the teeth of Australopithicus garhi. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes scientists believe that the animal bones found near Australopithicus garhi were butchered? |
|
Definition
| The bones have sharp scratch and groove cut marks, as from a flaked stone, rather than the smooth indents which teeth would leave behind |
|
|
Term
| Which is the first species believed to use tools? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Australopithicus africanus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Australopithicus africanus found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Australopithicus africanus large? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the general body attributes of Australopithicus africanus? |
|
Definition
ape traits from the waist up
human traits from the waist down |
|
|
Term
| What is the species of the Taung Child? |
|
Definition
| Australopithicus africanus |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the Taung Child? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A fossilized mold of a soft organ.
The Taung Child has an endocast of the brain |
|
|
Term
| How does the tooth growth rate of Australopithicus africanus compare with Australopithicus afarensis? |
|
Definition
| It is faster; indicating a shorter life span |
|
|
Term
| What species is Mrs. Ples? |
|
Definition
| Australopithicus africanus |
|
|
Term
| What is the skull like of Australopithicus africanus? (Mrs. Ples) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the traits of a gracile skull? |
|
Definition
No crest on top of head; instead smooth
No flared zygomatics
Moderate sized teeth
Less prognathism (smaller front teeth)
Craniel capacity 450 cc (bigger than afarensis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cheekbones; in chimps they flare out to allow muscles to pull through them and crush hard foods |
|
|
Term
| Where is Australopithicus sediba found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Australopithicus sediba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the brain size of Australopithicus sediba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the facial features of Australopithicus sediba? |
|
Definition
small face, jaws, and teeth;
its human-like traits are arguable because the specimen found is a juvenile |
|
|
Term
| What is the body size of Australopithicus sediba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the arms like of Australopithicus sediba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the hands of Australopithicus sediba |
|
Definition
| short fingers with more extension on thumbs |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pelvis of Australopithicus sediba |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general species name of specimens with a sagittal crest, postorbital constriction, flared zygomatics and large mandibles and molar teeth? |
|
Definition
| Robust Australopithecines |
|
|
Term
| What is the other name of Robust Australopithecines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the raised ridge of skull bone called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the head attributes of robust Australopithecines?
KNOW THESE! |
|
Definition
Sagittal crest,
Highest degree of postorbital constriction'
flared zygomatics
Large mandible and molar teeth |
|
|
Term
| Where are robust Australopithecines found? |
|
Definition
| South Africa, East Africa |
|
|
Term
| What is the highest degree of postorbital constriction? |
|
Definition
| There is a narrow bond at the top of the head behind the eyes |
|
|
Term
| What behavior is expected of specimens with robust traits? |
|
Definition
| They are anatomically specialized for a hard-object diet: nuts and tough fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the two species of Robust Australopithecines? |
|
Definition
Au. aethiopicus
Au. boisei |
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Au. aethiopicus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dating of Au. boisei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What behaviors are thought of for australopithicines? |
|
Definition
Tool use like chimpanzees (since brain size is larger)
Meat-eating
Social organization of MM-MF groups |
|
|
Term
| What tool use are australopithicines thought to have? |
|
Definition
use of plant materials like leaves and stems as tools;
use of unmodified stone,
possible use of modified stone |
|
|
Term
| Why is meat-eating of australopithicines important? |
|
Definition
It is high protein
Easy to transport
Requires skills to obtain |
|
|
Term
| Did australopithicines hunt or scavenge? |
|
Definition
| Either is possible; chimps do not scavenge |
|
|
Term
| What are the social attributes thought of australopithicines? |
|
Definition
food sharing (increases with meat-eating)
MM-MF due to moderate sexual dimorphism and the fact that
terrestrial traits indicate MM-MF in other animals |
|
|
