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| Federal money given to the states with few restrictions about how it should be spent. |
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| Money given by the federal government to the states to be used for a narrowly defined purpose, and with "strings attached." |
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| A system where the federal government and the states work together in funding and administering programs. |
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| A process by which the national government returns more power and authority back to its states. |
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| A system of government where power is shared between the national government and the states in which the states have some protected powers. |
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| The use of spending by the national government through the grant process to influence state policies. |
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| A federal requirement that forces the states to spend their own money. |
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| The statistical characteristics of a population. |
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| The tendency of men to support candidates from the Republican party at greater rates than women. |
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The shared political values of a society.
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| An individual's belief that his or her political participation can make a difference. |
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| The process by which an individual develops his or her political values/ |
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| Face-to-face meetings of party members at the localor state level to determine their party's candidate for office. |
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| A vote by party members to determine their party's candidate for office, which is restricted to those who are registered to the party. |
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| An election where new coalitions of voters have formed, beginning a new party era. |
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| When voters no longer identify with one of the two major parties and become independent voters. |
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| When the presidet is from one political party and one or both houses of Congress are controlledby the opposing political party. |
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| A political contest to select the person who will hold a government office. |
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| Drawing congressional district boundaries to benefit a group, usually a political party. |
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| Money spent on ads that are not sponsored by a candidate or party. |
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| An election in which voters select members of Congress but not the president. |
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| An election to determine a party's candidate for officec in which that party's members and unaffiliated voters may vote. |
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| An organization that is registered by the Federal Election Committee and donates money directly to a candidate or campaign. |
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| The process through which voters leave one of the major party coalition and join the other major party's coalition. |
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| The electoral system used to select members of the House of Representatives. |
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| An organization, which need not disclose its members and can spend a vast, unlimited amount of money on a political campaign. |
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| Ordinary citizens raising awareness for a cause and pushing the government to adopt a particular policy. |
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| The tendancy of the media to focus on which the candidate is ahead in the polls rather than focusing on the issues. |
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| An organization that advocates for policies through lobbying, electioneering, grassroots mobilization, and protesting. |
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| Issue Network (Iron Triangle) |
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| A relationship between interest groups, agencies, and congressional committees in a certain policy area. |
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| Efforts by an interest group or individual to contact a member of Congess and advocate for a particular policy. |
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| When political parties move farther away from each other ideologically, also moving away from the political center, refusing to compromise. |
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A theory of government in which many groups compete for policy, with no one group being able to dominate the political system.
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| Problems that have the attention of the government and the public. |
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| A group of indivduals who organize to run candidates for office. |
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| When congressional staff help a constituent solve a problem. |
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| Powers that are given to an institution of government directly in the Constitution, such as Congress's power to tax. |
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| A procedure used in the Senate to talk a bill to death. |
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| The free mail and electronic sign system used by members of the congress. |
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| Powers that are necessary to carry out an expressed power in the Constitution, like the power of Congress to establish a bank. |
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| An officeholder who is running for reelection. |
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| When members of Congress trade votes for favors in order to get the bills theey support passed. |
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| A vote by 60 senators to end a filibuster. |
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| Congressional committee hearings held to determine how well an agency is doing its job. |
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| A provision in a bill that benefits a specific congressional constituency. |
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| A presidential directive. |
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| Powers that are naturally held by the government of the soverign nation, such as war. |
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| The time during which a president who has lost an election or had ended a second term is still in offive before the new president serves. |
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| When a president does not sign a bill witin 10 days when Congress is not in session. |
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| The president's personal assistants and advisors. |
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| An argument filed with a court by an individual or group who is not a party to a lawsuit, "friend of the court." |
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| A philosophy that the Supreme Court should make bold new policy through their court rulings. |
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| Making judicial decisions by considering what the founding fathers ment in writing the Constitution. |
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| When a court follows precedent by letting a previous decision stand; "let the decision stand." |
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| A document issued by the Supreme Court if it has agreed to hear a case. |
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| Promises made by the government to an identifiable group of people who are guranteed benefits. |
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| Impacting the economy through taxing and spending in the budget. |
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| Expenditures that the federal government is obligated to make, like entitlements and interest on the national debt. |
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| Influencing the economy through federal interest rates, reserve rates, and the amount of money in circulation. |
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| Expenditures that the federal government cannot realistically reduce because they are required by law. |
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| The process by which the Bill of Rights has been applied to the states on a case-by-case basis through the Fourteenth Amendment. |
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