Term
| What are the monomer units of DNA and RNA polymers called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen containing heterocyclic base, five-carbon sugar ring, phosphoryl group |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of heterocyclic bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of nucleotide sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ring structures found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of bond exists between the sugar and the phophoryl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bond between teh base and sugar |
|
Definition
| Beta-N-glycosidic linkage |
|
|
Term
| What does the Beta-N-glycosidic linnkage join? |
|
Definition
| 1'-carbon of the sugar and a nitrogen atom of the base |
|
|
Term
| What are the purine bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of structures are purines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures does the purine double ring consist of? |
|
Definition
| 6 member ring fused to a 5-member ring |
|
|
Term
| The bases contain 1 ___ atom in the ring structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pyrimidine bases are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 pyrimidine bases |
|
Definition
| cytosine, thymine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| What pyrimidine base is specific to DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pyrimidine base is specific to RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the nitrogen base attached to the nucleic sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what sugar is the carbon phosphorylated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the organization of a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| base, sugar, phosphoryl group |
|
|
Term
| How do nucleotides combine to form a chain? |
|
Definition
| series of 3' to 5' phosphodiester bonds |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the 5' phosphate |
|
Definition
| esterifies to the 3' OH on teh adjacent unit |
|
|
Term
| Which unit retains the phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the backbone of the DNA polymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pattern of the backbone? |
|
Definition
| alternating sugar and phosphoryl groups |
|
|
Term
| How many chains are there in DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape does the helix take |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the "handrails" on the spiral "staircase" |
|
Definition
| sugar-phosphate backbones |
|
|
Term
| What are teh steps of the spiral staircase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What noncovalent attraction aids in maintianing the double helix structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adenine forms how many H bond with Thymine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytosine forms how many bonds with Guanine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diamater of the double helix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two DNA strands are ______ strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 complete 360 turn of the helix has how many nucleotides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 complete turn is ____ nm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do prokaryotes have a true nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a circular DNA molecule that is supercoiled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A strand of DNA wrapped around a disk of histone proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semiconservative replication generates ___ new DNA helices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each helix has ___ DNA strands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nucleotides in a Bacterial chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does bacterial DNA replication begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direction does bacterial DNA replication occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what rate does bacterial DNA replication occur? |
|
Definition
| 500 nucleotides per second |
|
|
Term
| The position where new nucleotides are added to the growing daughter strand is the ________ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many replication forks are tehre during DNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What seperates DNA strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does helicase do to break the DNA strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the hydrogen bonds break? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What relieves positive supercoiling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the seperated strands to keep them apart? |
|
Definition
| single-strand binding proteins |
|
|
Term
| What catalyzes the syntheses of a 10-12 base of RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of primase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second step in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of DNA polymerase III? |
|
Definition
| reading the parental strand, catalyzing the polymerization of the daughter strand |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the polymerization reaction? |
|
Definition
| pyrophosphate group is released as a phophoester bond is formed between the 5'phosphoryl group of the nucleotide being added and the previous 3'-OH of the nucleotide in teh newly synthesized daughter strand |
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotes, DNA replication begins at _______ replication origins and moves bidirectionally along each chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which a single strand of DNA serves as a template for the syntheses of an RNA molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Converting the information from one language of nitrogenous bases to another of amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classes of RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RNA directs teh amino acid sequence of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RNA is a complimemantary copy of a gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RNA has teh codon for an amino acid in a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RNA is the structural and functional component of the ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RNA forms ribosomes by reacting with proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of rRNA are in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of rRNA are in eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RNA transfers amino acids to the site of protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many tRNA are there or each amino acid to be incorporated into a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nucleotides are in tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overall structure of tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrachain hydrogen bonding in tRNA occurs to give regions called ______ with an _____-helix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrachain hydrogen bonding in tRNA occurs to give a type of __-shaped _______ structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 3'-OH group can _________ bind the amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _ nucleotides at the base of the cloverleaf serve as the anticodon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anticodon forms hydrogen bonds to a codon on _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What catalyzes Transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does transcription produce? |
|
Definition
| copy of only 1 DNA strand |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of transcription? |
|
Definition
| initiation, chain elongation, termination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binding RNA polymerase to the promoter region at teh beginning of the gene |
|
|
Term
| What is chain elongation? |
|
Definition
| formation of a 3'-5' phosphodiester bond, generating a complementary copy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| final step of transcription when the RNA polymerase releases the newly formed RNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes release a mature _______ at the end of termination for translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryote mRNA is a primary transcript which still must be processed in _______ |
|
Definition
| post-transcriptional modification |
|
|
Term
| How many steps are in post-transcriptional modification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st step of post-transcriptional modification? |
|
Definition
| a 5' cap structure is added |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the 5' cap structure? |
|
Definition
| required for efficient translation of the final mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd step of post-transcriptional modification? |
|
Definition
| a 3' poly(A) tail (100-200 units) is added by poly(A) polymerase |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the Poly(A) tail? |
|
Definition
| protests the 3' end of the mRNA from enzymatic digestion & prolongs the life of the mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd step of post-transcriptional modification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of portions of the primary transcript that are not protein coding |
|
|
Term
| Are bacterial chromosomes continuous or discontinuous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it meant by continuous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| all DNA sequence from the chromosome is found in the mRNA |
|
|
Term
| Are eukaryotic chromosomes continuos or discontinuous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by discontinuous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| Presence of introns makes direct translation to synthesize proteins impossible |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for introns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are teh extra DNA sequences within the genes that do not encode any amino acid sequence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during RNA splicing? |
|
Definition
| introns are cut out and exons are spliced together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than one three base codon can code for the same amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each codon specifies a particular amino acid |
|
|
Term
| Non-overlapping and uninterrupted |
|
Definition
| none of the bases are shared between consecutive codons, no noncoding bases appear in the base sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organisms use the same code |
|
|
Term
| How many codons are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many codons code for amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many codons are start codons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stop Codons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an amino acid has multiple codons for it how many bases does it tend to have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What codons code for leucine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are there multiple codons for one amino acid? |
|
Definition
| makes the code mutation resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does translation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ribosomes complexes of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis occurs in multiple places on one _______ at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mRNA plus the multiple ribosomes are called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tRNA binds a specific amino acid aided by |
|
Definition
| aminoacyl tRNA synthetase |
|
|
Term
| How subunits is a ribosome made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the subunits of a ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the small ribosomal unit made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the large ribosomal subunit maide up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of tRNA? |
|
Definition
| decode information on mRNA into the primary structure of the protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the two specific functions of tRNA? |
|
Definition
| can only bind one specific amino acid, ability to recognize appropriate codon on the mRNA for specific amino acid |
|
|
Term
| WHere is the binding site on the tRNA for covalent attachment of amino acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is the role of the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase? |
|
Definition
| covalent links the proper amino acid to the tRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalently linked tRNA and amino acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the anticodon? |
|
Definition
| complementary to the codon on the mRNA to recognize amino acid codon |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of translation? |
|
Definition
| initiation, chain elongation, termination |
|
|
Term
| Translation: What is initiation? |
|
Definition
| initiation factors (proteins), mRNA, initiator tRNA, small and large ribosomes come together |
|
|
Term
| How many sites does Ribosome have to bind tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two sites of to bind tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind to the growing peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to the aminoacyl site |
|
|
Term
| Translation: How many steps does chain elongation have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Translation: Chain Elongation: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| Am aminoacyl tRNA bind to A-site |
|
|
Term
| Translation: Chain Elongation: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| Peptide bond formation occurs catalyzed by peptidyl transferase |
|
|
Term
| Translation: Chain Elongation: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| Translocation of ribosome down the mRNA chain next to codon |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Step 3 of chain elongation? |
|
Definition
| shifts the new peptidyl tRNA from the A-site to the P-site, requires energy |
|
|
Term
| What kind of energy is used during chain elongation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Translation: WHen does termination occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Translation: What happens during termination? |
|
Definition
| a release factor binds the empty A-site |
|
|
Term
| Translation: Termination: What happens to the last amion acid and peptidyl tRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Translation: Termination: What happens after the bond between the amino acid and peptidyl tRNA and is hydrolyzed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Translation: Termination: Is the released protein in its final form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What post-translational modifications may occur before a protein is fully functional? |
|
Definition
| cleave, association with other proteins, bonding to carbohydrate or lipid groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mistakes introduced into the DNA sequence of an organism |
|
|
Term
| What is a silent mutation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the types of mutations? |
|
Definition
| point, deletion, insertion |
|
|
Term
| What is a point mutation? |
|
Definition
| substitution of a single nucleotide for another |
|
|
Term
| What is a deletion mutation? |
|
Definition
| one or more nucelotides are lost |
|
|
Term
| WHat is an insertion mutation? |
|
Definition
| one or more nucleotides are added |
|
|
Term
| WHat does UV damage cause? |
|
Definition
| covalent linkage of adjacent pyrimidine bases |
|
|
Term
| What is the covalent linkage of adjacent pyrimidine bases called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is xeroderma pigmentosum? |
|
Definition
| genetic skin disorder; very sensitive to UV light and develop multiple skin cancers |
|
|
Term
| Phosphates tend to have more negative charges therefore |
|
Definition
| nucleic acids are called acids |
|
|
Term
| Does RNA Have a secondary structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end has the free phosphate group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHich end has teh free hydroxyl group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Watson and Creek DNA model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chromosome pairs are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many autosomes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sex chromosomes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are okazaki fragemnts? |
|
Definition
| fragemnts of DNA on the lagging strand |
|
|
Term
| Where does transcription occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does translation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
| cytosine, thymine, uracil |
|
|
