Term
| Who discovered the basic laws of inheritance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who took pus cells from discarded bandages and isolated nuclein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who transformed non-pathogenic pneumococci into pathogenic pneumococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who determined DNA transforming factor? |
|
Definition
| Avery, MacLeod and McCarty |
|
|
Term
| Who purposed four DNA rules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who studied DNA with X ray diffraction? |
|
Definition
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
|
|
Term
| Who proposed a 3D model of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Erwin Chargaff's DNA rules? |
|
Definition
1. Base composition of DNA varies with species.
2. DNA from different tissues from same species = same
3. DNA bases do not change with age, nutrition, environment
4. In all DNA's, A=T, G=C |
|
|
Term
| What stores genetic information, found in nucleus (most) & mitochondria (some) and is usually double stranded? |
|
Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in translating DNA sequence into proteins, is usually found in cytoplasm and is usually single stranded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous bases that are purines consist of? |
|
Definition
| Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous bases that are pyrimidines consist of? |
|
Definition
| Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) |
|
|
Term
| What defines nucleic acid type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples that pentose sugar types? |
|
Definition
| Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What consist of a sugar plus a purine or pyrimidine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What consist of a nucleoside plus a phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA and RNA has different sugars and different nucleotides. Name the differences? |
|
Definition
Sugars:
DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose
Nucleotides:
DNA: C G A T
RNA: C G A U |
|
|
Term
| Base pairs are complementary. What binds to what? |
|
Definition
A binds with T
G binds with C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5' phosphate joins with 3' hydroxyl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the correct way to record DNA sequence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many hydrogen bonds to G-C have?
How many hydrogen bonds to A-T have? |
|
Definition
3 hydrogen bonds
2 hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if strands are orientated in opposite directions? |
|
Definition
| It means they are anti-parallel |
|
|
Term
| The ladder runs 5'-3' in one direction for one strand, how does it run in the opposite direction for the other strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because strands are _______, if the sequence of one strand is known, the sequence of the other strand can be determined. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is anti-parallel, double stranded molecule with a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and the complementary base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds on the inside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two complementary strands anneal or ______ to each other through hydrogen bonds between the bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA's length is given in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One kilobase (kb) is how many bp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 megabase (Mb) is how many Bp? Kb? |
|
Definition
| one million bp or 1000 kb |
|
|
Term
| The function of ____ is translating DNA codes into proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is RNA typically located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA? |
|
Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
|
|
Term
| Copies of DNA code for making protein is done by which type of RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of ribosomal machinery (used to make protein) are done by which type of RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carries amino acids to ribosomes where proteins are formed is done by which type of RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is DNA Or RNA single stranded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does DNA or RNA have (10-1000 nucleotides)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uracil substitutes for thymine in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does RNA have uracil and DNA have thymidine? |
|
Definition
In vivo, cytosine degrades and forms uracil; leading to a DNA mutation.
Any uracil found in DNA is corrected by "proofreading" system. Thus DNA does not normally have uracil. |
|
|
Term
| Entire set of DNA that makes up a particular organism is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the genome located? |
|
Definition
| Mostly in the nucleus except tiny piece located in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| The human genome contains how many base pairs of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the human genome what percent of genes encode for proteins (`30,000 genes) ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the human genome what percent of noncoding sequence between and within genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many base pairs does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many genes code for energy production proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nucleosome is DNA wrapped around ________ (proteins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is coiling of a coil called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human chromosome (46 total) |
|
|
Term
| How many somatic chromosomes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sex chromosomes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Set of alleles (genes) inherited by and individual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Observable effect of the genotype is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of specimens can you collect DNA and RNA from? |
|
Definition
body fluids (blood, urine, semen)
buccal swabs
Tissues (fresh or preserved)
cultured MO |
|
|
Term
| Is DNA or RNA relatively stable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IS DNA or RNA small, unstable, and degrades easily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of RNA is most common target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F When doing nucleic acid extraction you should use Universal Precautions (gloves and gowns) and use Aerosol Resistant Tips (ART) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the basic steps in nucleic acid extraction? |
|
Definition
1. cell lysis
2. digest proteins
3. purify DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the proper order for the solid phase protocol for DNA extraction? |
|
Definition
1. cell lysed & treated w proteinase (removes proteins)
2. DNA precipitated by addition of alcohol
3. DNA resuspended & added to column with silica
4. centrifugation helps suspension pass through column
5. DNA attaches to column
6. column rinsed with buffer to remove debris
7. DNA eluted from column with a different buffer
8. purified DNA in bottom of tube |
|
|
Term
| What should you avoid during DNA and RNA extraction? |
|
Definition
| avoid multiple freezing-thaw cycles |
|
|
Term
| RNA extraction is like DNA but more difficult due to ? |
|
Definition
| RNase ubiquitous (hands, water, equipment, everywhere) |
|
|
Term
| The RNA extraction procedure has special requirements...? |
|
Definition
| RNase free components, like RNase free reagents, RNase free water, RNase free plastic ware, ect |
|
|
Term
| Nucleic acids absorb __ _____ at 260 nM (A260) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins absorb __ at 280 NM (A280) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is the nucleic acid to protein ratio pure, acceptable or unacceptable.
1.8- 2.0
1.6 - 1.8
<1.6 |
|
Definition
1.8-2.0 is pure
1.6-1.8 is acceptable
1.6 is unacceptable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate purity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What explains how proteins are synthesized from DNA formation? |
|
Definition
| central dogma of molecular technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who proposed central dogma of molecular biology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is: retroviruses transcribe RNA (their genome) into DNA with reverse transcriptase (an enzyme) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the replication of each double strand of DNA composed of 1 "new" (daughter) and 1 "parent" DNA strand is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the helicase do? |
|
Definition
| unwinds and separates DNA double strands |
|
|
Term
| What reduces supercoiling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does DNA polymerase III do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does DNA polymerase require? |
|
Definition
Template: parent DNA strand
RNA primer; complementary to DNA template |
|
|
Term
| What strand is replicated continuously from 3' end of the parent strand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA polymerase replicates DNA only in 5' to 3' direction is what strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lagging strand formed in pieces (5'-3') is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme links the fragments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA information transferred to a newly assembled piece of RNA (ie. DNA--> RNA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many strands does RNA polymerase read? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction is RNA synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 3'-5' strand is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
RNA polymerase I is found?
RNA polymerase II is found?
RNA polymerase III is found?
Mt RNA polymerase is found? |
|
Definition
I- nucleolus
II- nucleoplasm
III- nucleoplasm
mtRNA- mitochondria |
|
|
Term
What is the product of:
NA polymerase I?
RNA polymerase II?
RNA polymerase III?
Mt RNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
I- rRNA
II- mRNA
III- tRNA
mtRNA- mtRNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 transcription steps? |
|
Definition
| Initiation, elongation, termination |
|
|
Term
| DNA regions that signal RNA polymerase starting point is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA polymerase moves along DNA is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post transcriptional processing occurs in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA first transcribed from DNA is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Introns coding or noncoding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Exons coding or noncoding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Introns or Exons stay within the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Introns or Exons exit the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| noncoding introns removed from pre-mRNA |
|
|
Term
| Which special enzymes are used in RNA splicing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the special modified nucleotide added to 5'end called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of protein using mRNA as template is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 nucleotides encode for 1 amino acid is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of tRNA in translation |
|
Definition
| tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome for to be added to polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| tRNA anticodon complementary to _____ codon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are multiple ribosomes on a strand of mRNA called? |
|
Definition
|
|
