Term
| ____ is a neurodegenerative disorder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease include_____,_____,______, and ______. |
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Definition
| tremor at rest, rigidity, postural instability, and bradykinesia |
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Term
| The non motor symptoms that Parkinson's disease causes include_____,____, and _____. |
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Definition
| autonomic dysfunction, depression, psychosis, and dementia |
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Term
| The primiary pathology in PD is_______ in the ________ that supply dopamine to the striatum. |
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Definition
| degeneration of neurons and substantia nigra |
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Term
| Degeneration of neurons in PD causes an imbalance between ____ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Motors symptoms are tx'd with drugs that activate |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that block____ can also be used to tx motor symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the most effective tx for motor symptoms. |
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Definition
| Levodopa (combined with carbidopa) |
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Term
| What is the goal of ts of PD? |
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Definition
reduce symptoms
-they do not cure the disease |
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Term
| What are the two patterns of loss of effect of levodopa? |
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Definition
| gradual wearing off or abrupt loss of effect |
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Term
| What are adverse effects of levodopa? |
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Definition
| nausea, dyskinesias, hypotension, and psychosis |
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Term
| First generation antipsychotic drugs block dopamine receptors in the striatum which can negate the effects of |
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Definition
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Term
| High protein meals can ________ effects of levodopa |
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Definition
| reduce therapeutic effects |
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Term
| _____ compete with levodopa for absorption from the _______ and for transport across the ______. |
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Definition
| Amino acids, intestines, and blood brain barrier. |
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Term
| ______ is an oral nonergot dopamine agonist. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name a first line drug for motor symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pramipexole can be used alone in early PD and in combination with _____ in advanced PD. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adverse effects from pramipexole are the results of |
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Definition
| excessive activation of dopamine receptors |
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Term
| Adverse effects of pramipexole include |
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Definition
| nausea, dyskinesia, postural hypotension, and hallucinations |
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Term
| How do anticholinergic drugs block the symptoms of PD? |
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Definition
| blocking cholinergic receptors in the striatum |
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Term
| AD can be tx'd with ______ inhibitors or ________. |
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Definition
| cholinesterase and memantine |
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Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine only show _____ benefits in pts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors incrase the availability of ______ at ______. |
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Definition
| ACH and cholinergic synapses. |
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Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors enhance transmission of cholinergic neurons that have |
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Definition
| not yet been destroyed by Alzheimer's dementia |
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Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors produce modest improvements in ____,_____, and ______ in 30%-60% of AD pts. |
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Definition
| cognition, behavior, and fx |
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Term
| Cholinesterase inhibitors do not cure AD but may ____ it for a short time |
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Definition
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Term
| By elevating ACD in the periphery, all cholinesterase inhibitors can cause these cholinergic effects: |
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Definition
| n/v, dyspepsia, and diarrhea |
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Term
| First generation antihistimines, tricyclic antidepressants, and conventional antipsychotics block |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that block cholinergic receptors can ______ response to cholinesterase inhibitors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Memantine is approved for the tx of |
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Definition
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Term
| Memantine has only____ beneficial effects for the symptom tx of AD. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) act through what four basic mechanisms. |
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Definition
| blockade of Na channels, blockade of Ca channels, blockade of glutamate receptors, and potentiation of GABA |
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Term
| The goal of epilepsy is to reduce seizures so that the person may have a |
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Definition
| near normal to normal life |
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Term
| Most AEDs are ______ for particular seizures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Successful tx of seizures is dependent upon |
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Definition
| choosing the correct drugs |
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Term
| Nonadherence accounts for nearly _____ of all tx failures in epilepsy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbamazepine can cause ______,_____,_____and _____. |
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Definition
| leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and fatal aplastic anemia (rare). |
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Term
| ________ is a broad spectrum AED. |
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Definition
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Term
| Valproic acid has activity against ____ seizures and _____ seizures |
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Definition
partial and generalized
-tonic-clonic, absence, atonic, and myoclonic seizures |
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Term
| All traditional AEDs and some newer ones, can harm the developing fetus during the |
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Definition
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Term
| Uncontrolled seizures are of greater risk to the ______ and ______ than going untx'd. |
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Definition
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Term
| Women with major seizure disorders should continue |
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Definition
| taking seizure meds throughout their pregnancy |
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Term
| Fetal risk from AEDs can decreased by |
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Definition
| using one medication at the lowest dose |
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Term
| Carbamazepin is associated with fetal malformations and |
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Definition
| should not be used during pregnancy |
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Term
| First generation antipsychotic relieve symptoms of schizophrenia by |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapeutic responses to antipsychotics take ______ to become maximal |
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Definition
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Term
| First generation antipsychotic meds produce three types of ______ symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| The types of extrapyramidal symptoms include |
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Definition
| acute dystonia, parkinsonism, and akathisia |
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Term
| Acute dystonia and parkinsonism respond to |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is harder to tx but may respon to ________, __________, 0r __________. |
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Definition
| Akathisia, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and beta blockers |
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Term
| _______, a late extrapyramidal symptom, has not reliable tx. |
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Definition
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Term
| For pts with severe TD, switching to an _______ may help. |
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Definition
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Term
| The risk of early EPS is much greater with _____ than with _____. |
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Definition
| high potency FGAs and low potency FGAs |
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Term
| The risk of ______ is equal in both high potency and low potency FGAs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antipyschotic drugs increase levels of circulating______ by blocking the inhibitory action of dopamine on ________ release |
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Definition
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Term
| SAGs block receptors for _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| SAGs carry a higher risk of |
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Definition
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Term
| SAGs may cause ____, ____, and _____. |
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Definition
wgt gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia
-could lead to cardiovascular events or premature death |
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Term
| Among the SAGs, the risk of metabolic effects is greastest with |
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Definition
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Term
| Therapuetic response to antidepressants may take _____. It could take______ in the elderly |
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Definition
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Term
| Antidepressant medications should be continued for ______ after symptoms abate to decrease the risk of relapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants usu take ___ to obtain benefits but may take as long as ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants? |
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Definition
| sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic effects(dry mouth, constipation) |
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants can cause a serious adverse effect of |
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Definition
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants can cause widening of the ____ and should be used in caution with pts with preexisting _______. |
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Definition
| QRS and cardiac conditions. |
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Term
| What are the two advantages that SSRIs have over TCA? |
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Definition
| fewer side effects and are safe when taken in overdose |
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Term
| SSRIs can cause serotonin syndrome when combined _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| MAOIs and serotonergic drugs. |
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Term
| Agitation, confusion, hallucinations, hyperreflexia, tremor, and fever are all symptoms of |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only SSRI studied and ok for use in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What SSRI is safe for pregnancy and breastfeeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| The norepi in SNRIs can increase wakefulness in pts with_______ and _____ secondary to depression |
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Definition
| somnolence and psychomotor retardation |
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Term
| If a pt eats tyramine rich foods while taking and MAOI, it could casue a |
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Definition
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Term
| Trazodone tends to be very _______ and is helpful in mildly depressed clients with _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three kinds of drugs used to tx bipolar disorder. |
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Definition
| mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants |
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Term
| In pts with bipolar depression, using an antidepressant alone may induce |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the preferred mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
| lithium and valproic acid |
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Term
| Lithium in contraindicated in |
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Definition
breastfeeding and the first trimester of pg
-also in 2nd and 3rd unless benefits outweigh the risk |
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Term
| A reduction in ____ will reduce lithium excretion causing toxic levels |
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Definition
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Term
| lithium levels can be increased by ___ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Antipsychotics are used to tx ______ and for _____ of mood epidsodes |
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Definition
| manic episodes and prevention |
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Term
| Drugs that tx anxiety are called___,____,or______. |
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Definition
| antianxiety agents, anxiolytics, or tranquilizers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _________ and other CNS drugs are undesireable bc they cause respiratory depression, high abuse potential, tolerance and dependence, hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are preferred to barbituates bc they are______, ________, and_______. |
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Definition
| Benzodiazapines, safer, less dependence and abuse potential, and don't induce drug metabolizing enzymes |
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Term
| Benzos cause profound respiratory depression when used with |
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Definition
| other CNS depressancts (opiods, barbs, etx) |
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Term
| All Benzos have ______pharmacologic effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzos and benzo like drugs are the drug of choice for |
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Definition
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Term
| When used for transient insomnia, benzos should only be used for |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzos are approved for long term use and are the only sleep aids______ for tx. |
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Definition
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Term
| When is anxiety intervention indicated? |
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Definition
| when it is persistent and disabling |
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Term
| Optimal tx for anxiety combines _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| psychotherapy and drug therapy |
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Term
| What drugs are used most often for the tx of anxiety? |
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Definition
SSRI
-used in all anxiety disorders |
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Term
| Benzos are used for the tx of _________ and _________. |
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Definition
| panic disorders and generalized anxiety disorders |
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Term
| First line tx for generalized anxiety disorder are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzos suppress symptoms of GAD |
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Definition
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Term
| Because of their delayed results, the following medications should be used for long term relief of anxiety symptoms: |
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Definition
| venlafaxine, paroxetine, escitalopram, and duloxetine |
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Term
| Benzos have some potential for |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta blockers are useful in the tx of ________ bc they reduce tachycardia associated with extreme anxiety. |
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Definition
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Term
| SSRIs are first line drugs for the tx of |
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Definition
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Term
| SSRIs decrease the frequency of ____,____, and _____ regardless of whether the pt is depressed |
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Definition
| intensity of panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, and avoidance behavior |
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Term
| What are first line drugs for tx of OCD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are first line tx for pt with social anxiety? |
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Definition
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Term
| When social anxiety dieosrder is limited to fear of specific situations which arise freqeuently, _______ should be used for prn tx. |
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Definition
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Term
| There is no good proof that any drugs are effective in the tx of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what two drugs are FDA approved for the tx of ptsd? |
|
Definition
| paroxetine and sertraline (SSRIs) |
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Term
| The amphetamine family consists of ______,_____,______,and _____/ |
|
Definition
| dextroamphetamine, amphetamine, meth, and lisdexamfetamine |
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Term
| Amphetamine consist of a racemic mix of |
|
Definition
| dextroamphtemine and levampheptamine |
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Term
| Amphetamines work by promoting release of _______ and _______ |
|
Definition
norepi and dopamine
-also block reuptake of both |
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Term
| Amphetamines increase_________, reduce______, elevate_____, stimulate______, and suppress_____. |
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Definition
| alertness, fatigue, mood, respirations, and appetite |
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Term
| Promoting release of norepi from peripheral neurons, amphetamines can cause |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and cardiac effects |
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Term
| What cardiac effects do amphetamines cause? |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, increased AV conduction, and increased forced of ctx |
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Term
| What are the most common adverse affects of amphetamine use? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Amphetamines may also cause _____,_____,_____, and _____. |
|
Definition
| psychosis, dysrhythmias, angina, and HTN |
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Term
| Substance abuse occurs more often in those with_______ who have not been treated. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are effective in approx 80% of children with ADD/ADHD |
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Definition
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