Term
| 4 functions of connective tissue that were discussed in class |
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Definition
Scaffold for tissues and organs
Binding organs to other tissues
Nutrient storage
Structural framework, body form, enables movement |
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Term
| What are the 7 different connective tissue types discussed in class? |
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Definition
Loose connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Adipose tissue |
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Term
| Difference between dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue? |
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Definition
Dense irregular: Tough, protects organs from injury. Found in dermis of skin, capsules of liver
Dense regular: Binds bones together and attaches muscle to bone. Found in ligaments and tendons |
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Term
| Functions of loose connective tissue |
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Definition
| Cushions epithelia, binds organs together |
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Term
| Where can loose connective tissue be found? |
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Definition
| Under all epithelia, outer coverings of blood vessels, nerves, facia between muscles |
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Term
| Where can cartilage tissue be found? |
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Definition
| External ear, joint surfaces and growth zones of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| eases joint movement, resists compression at joints |
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Term
"Densely spaced, parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts"
What connective tissue am I describing? |
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Definition
| Dense regular connective tissue |
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Term
"Widely spaced cells in small cavities (lacunae); rubbery matrix"
What connective tissue am I describing? |
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Definition
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Term
"Densely spaced, randomly arranged fibers and fibroblasts"
What connective tissue am I describing? |
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Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
"Widely spaced cells in lacunae, much of matrix in concentric onion-like layers, hard mineralized matrix"
What connective tissue am I describing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three examples of different blood cell types mentioned in class |
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Definition
| Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
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Term
| Functions of adipose tissue |
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Definition
stores energy
conserves body heat
cushions and protects organs |
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Term
| Locations in the body where adipose tissue can be found |
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Definition
| Beneath skin, around kidneys, heart, abdominal membranes |
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Term
| 4 basic components of connective tissue |
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Definition
extracellular matrix (everything outside of carrots)
ground substance (broth)
connective tissue fibers (noodles)
cells (carrots) |
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Term
| What does the extracellular matrix (or connective tissue proper) contain? |
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Definition
everything outside of cells, so:
ground substance, cells (outside of the cells the extracellular matrix itself contains, like macrophages and fibroblasts), connective tissue fibers |
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Term
| What is the "fluid" portion of the extracellular matrix called? What is it mostly comprised of? |
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Definition
| Ground substance (broth). Comprised mainly of proteoglycans. |
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Term
| Examples of proteoglycans found in the ground substance of the extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| Chondroitin sulfates (found in cartilage and tendons), hyaluronic acid (lubricating ingredient of fluid in joints) |
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Term
| What cells can be found in the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
| Macrophages and fibroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
immune cells that consume damaged cells via phagocytosis
constantly moving through connective tissue-> constantly looking for damaged cells to eat |
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Term
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Definition
Cells that synthesize the connective tissue fibers (noodles)
Anchored in one place |
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Term
| What are three major types of connective tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
| Collagenous tissue fibers, reticular tissue fibers, elastic fibers |
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Term
| How do insoluble collagen and elastin fibers of the EC matrix achieve their strength? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do insoluble collagen and elastin fibers of the EC matrix achieve their compressibility? |
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Definition
| Proteoglycan matrix and its water binding capacity |
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Term
| How do insoluble collagen and elastin fibers of the EC matrix achieve their stiffness? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connective tissue fiber type in the EC matrix is the most abundant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber mainly consists of collagen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber is strong and inelastic (can't stretch all that well? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type I vs Type II fibril-forming collagen type |
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Definition
Type I: major component of organs, bone, tendon, muscle
Type II: cartilage |
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Term
| is Type I or Type II fibril-forming collagen type seen mainly with cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type IV vs Type VII fibril-forming collagen type |
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Definition
Type IV: basement membranes
Type VII: anchors skin epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue |
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber is similar to collagen but does not bundle into large fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber is randomly arranged within the ground substance |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber plays an important internal role in the framework (mesh-like) of glands, immune structures (like lymph nodes), and parenchyma tissue that surrounds organs |
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Definition
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Term
| Elastic fibers are mainly made up of what protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber is secreted from fibroblasts |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue fiber is capable of being reversibly stretched to twice their length? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissues are elastic fibers interwoven in? |
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Definition
Lungs, blood vessels, ligaments, skin, aorta
Why aorta? The fibers need to be able to reversibly stretch for the entirety of your life! Definitely don't want collagenous fibers- they don't stretch-> heart wouldn't be able to pump with great force like it's able to |
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Term
| Connective tissue proper is derived from fibroblasts and fibrocytes, which ultimately came from where (embryonically)? |
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Definition
mesenchyme from the mesoderm
This is true for all classes of connective tissue! They all trace back to the mesenchyme from the mesoderm. |
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Term
| Describe loose connective tissue. Is it flexible? Strong? |
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Definition
Porous, highly flexible, little overall strength and rigidity
Relatively few collagen and elastic fibers
Highly vascularized with numerous cells |
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Term
| Where is loose connective tissue found? |
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Definition
Attaches skin to underlying tissue
Fills in spaces between organs and holds them in place
surrounds and supports blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| Edema is a result of what problem with loose connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Excessive fluid collection in loose connective tissue |
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Term
| Describe dense connective tissue. Is it flexible? Strong? |
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Definition
Contains less cells, but numerous fibers that provide a lot more strength but much less flexibility compared to loose connective tissue
Two main types of dense CT: dense regular and dense irregular |
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Term
| Which connective tissue type is a dense, irregular, interwoven arrangement of fibers with a high concentration of collagen and forms the dermis of the skin |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue is very rigid, used for support, and contains cartilage producing cells called chondrocytes isolated in small spaces called lacunae |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main types of cartilage |
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Definition
Hyaline (blue cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibre-cartilage |
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Term
| Which type of cartilage is found on joint surfaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cartilage type is the extreme of hyaline cartilage and why? |
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Definition
Fibre-Cartilage because it is almost all collagen fibers with very little ground substance.
Very tough |
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Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is fiber-cartilage found |
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Definition
| between pelvic bone and pubis |
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Term
| Vascular system of cartilage... |
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Definition
cartilage is avascular- no vascularization!
Nutrient supply is by diffusion. Proteoglycans help regulate movement of molecules through the matrix as well.
Implications: cartilage therefore grows and repairs more slowly if damaged. |
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Term
| Cartilage's ability to heal... |
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Definition
Very limited ability to heal, though it can withstand considerable and repetitive stress.
Due to avascularity, immobility of chondrocytes, limited proliferative capacity of mature chondrocytes |
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Term
| Which cartilage undergoes calcification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is endochondral ossification? |
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Definition
| Calcification of cartilage that is about to be replaced by bone during the growth period of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
Support- load and stress bearing, but also allows flexibility for growth
Locomotion
Protection
Mineral homeostasis- Calcium, phosphorus
Blood formation
Energy storage- yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
Flat and irregular bones
Long bones |
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Term
| Common characteristics of long bone |
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Definition
Enlarged ends called epiphysis
Center shaft called diaphysis
Cavity filled with bone marrow called the medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged end of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Center shaft of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Cavity filled with bone marrow in long bones |
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Term
| Two different types of bone tissue: |
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Definition
| compact bone, spongy bone |
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Term
| compact bone characteristics |
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Definition
Dense
Found on periphery of bones
Provides rigidity and strength
Part of bone that changes most during bone remodeling |
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Term
| spongy bone characteristics |
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Definition
| Arranged in small structures (traberculae and spicules) serving as reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms cartilage that is later mineralized to become bone. Differentiate from cells called chondroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
Bone building cells
Differentiated osteoprogenitor cells
Produce collagen and ground substance of unmineralized bone
Responsible for building new bone-matrix |
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Term
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Definition
Mature osteoblasts enclosed in bone matrix
Maintains bone matrix by synthesis and limited resorption of matrix
Connected to other osteocytes by cytoplasmic processes |
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Term
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Definition
Large, multinucleate, and motile bone resorbing (breakdown) cells
Important for bone remodeling during development and repair
Precursors are stem cells in blood producing tissues of bone and marrow |
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Term
| Number of osteocytes vs osteoblasts in adult bone |
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Definition
Number of osteocytes is larger than osteoblasts in adult bone
Osteocytes maintain bone matrix, whereas osteoblasts are responsible for building new bone. Both are important, but in adults, maintenance will be needed a lot more |
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Term
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Definition
| between epiphysis and diaphysis in long bone |
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Term
| What is the point of entry for vascular, nerve, and lymph supplies in long bone? |
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Definition
| Joints. Form the ends of each epiphysis |
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Term
| How are joints in long bone bound together? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Outer membrane with an inner cell-rich layer containing osteoblasts |
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Term
| Periosteum allows for what to enter the bone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tissue lining inside of long bones facing marrow
Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| chief blood cell forming organ in adult. |
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Term
| Where is red bone marrow located in the adult? |
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Definition
| Spongy bone of epiphysis of long bones and main bodies of sternum, ribs, and vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of adipose tissue |
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Term
| Where is yellow marrow located in the adult? |
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Definition
| Medullary cavities of long bones |
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Term
| Bone is similar to cartilage except for what? (2) |
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Definition
In bone, the extracellular matrix of collagen is impregnated with calcium salts. This adds strength.
Additionally, bone cells are highly organized throughout tissue, vs cartilage chondrocytes are randomly organized |
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Term
| Basic unit of bone tissue is called the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cylindrical structures that run longitudinally through the bone. Each osteon has a tube running through the center that contains a venue and arteriole. |
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Term
| The blood vessels that run through the center of osteons have concentric circles of bone cells called what? |
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Definition
| osteocytes, forming rings that are called lamellae |
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Term
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Definition
| Rings of osteocytes that form concentric circles of bone cells around blood vessels that run longitudinal through the bone |
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Term
| How are different lamellae linked? |
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Definition
| By channels called canaliculi that transport nutrients |
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Term
| Process of bone formation |
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Definition
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| bone formation from a cartilage template |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| bone formation as a replacement of connective tissue but not cartilage |
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Term
| During the development of the fetus, what is gradually replaced with bone? What is this process called? |
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Definition
| Cartilage template. Endochondral ossification |
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Term
| Why is mesenchyme important when it comes to osteogenesis? |
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Definition
Loose connective tissue from the mesoderm condenses during embryogenesis
These cells differentiate into chondrocytes that produce a cartilage matrix of collagen
Centrally located chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and mineralize the surrounding tissue |
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Term
| What happens to the chondrocytes when mineralization occurs? |
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Definition
The cells die; mineralization prevents nutrients rom reaching the chondrocytes
However, the primary ossification centre is formed- blood vessels invade and eventually allow the rise of osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
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Term
| During endochondal ossification, the perichondrium is converted to what? What does this do? |
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Definition
| periosteum. It accumulates osteoblasts along the inner layer and form a layer of compact bone around the diaphysis |
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Term
| When does the formation of the secondary centers of ossification? |
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Definition
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Term
| ChoWhat forms the growth plate? |
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Definition
Ossification leaves a thin layer of articular cartilage on the outer surface of the epiphysis to reduce friction at joints.
A layer of cartilage is also left between the epiphysis and diaphysis, which forms the growth plate, used to increase the length of long bones |
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Term
| Lengthening of long bones involves two basic processes |
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Definition
Growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the growth plate
Ossification of cartilage on the diaphysial side of the growth plate |
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Term
| 5 zones of the growth plate |
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Definition
Reserve (resting) zone
Proliferating zone
Prehypertrophic zone
Hypertrophic zone
Ossification zone (Trabecular bone) |
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Term
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Definition
Chondrocytes closest to the epiphysis
Source of chondrocytes that form the proliferation zone |
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Term
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Definition
Chondrocytes proliferate and flatten
Chondrocytes also laying down a cartilage extracellular matrix that will later serve as a scaffold for bone formation (composed of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
This process pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis |
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Term
| Source of chondrocytes that form the proliferation zone |
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Definition
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Term
| What zone includes the process where the physics is pushed away from the diaphysis? |
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Definition
| Proliferating zone, when chondrocytes that have proliferated and flattened, lay down a cartilage extracellular matrix as a scaffold. |
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Term
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Definition
Chondrocytes enter the maturation zone and begin to differentiate and enlarge
Cells produce additional molecules for the extracellular matrix, including collagen fibers, building cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Chondrocytes and their lacunae become larger
Chondrocytes eventually die, leaving behind a calcified cartilage matrix that is invaded by capillaries and osteoblasts |
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Term
| Ossification zone (Trabecular bone) |
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Definition
Characterized by development of new bone
Osteoblasts move into calcified cartilage matrix and deposit organic matrix
Connection of adjacent osteocytes by cytoplasmic threads -> development of spongy bone near ends of diaphysis |
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Term
| What is the duration of long bone growth? |
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Definition
Bones will grow in length as long as the rate of cartilage growth is greater than the rate of bone formation within the growth plate
Growth finishes when the cartilage of the ephyseal plate is eliminated |
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