Term
| The ________ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of ________ to form in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following changes would occur during exercise? |
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Definition
| Increased oxygen extraction by muscles |
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Term
| Functions of the conducting zone |
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Definition
The major functions of the conducting zone are to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove/filter debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air.
gas exchange is NOT a function of the conducting zone |
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Term
| When a person is lying down, blood pressure is uniform and the capillaries in the lung are open. What happens to the surface area for gas exchange when a person lies down? |
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Definition
| The surface area for gas exchange increases when the person lies down. |
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Term
| Which law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypoventilation (inadequate ventilation) can result in respiratory __________, while hyperventilation (excessive ventilation) can result in respiratory __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During a breath, air enters both the conducting zone (airways with no gas exchange) and the respiratory zone (alveoli). The average conducting zone volume is 150 ml. According to your data, when the subject was lying down, what was the average amount of air that entered the respiratory zone? |
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Definition
| Respiratory volume is tidal volume minus conducting zone. The air that enters the alveoli would be around 210 ml. |
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Term
| What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Red blood cells present in the urine would indicate damage, or disease, to the __________. |
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Definition
| filtration barrier(s) of the glomerulus |
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Term
| Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. |
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Term
| Na+ reabsorption is a(n) __________ process, while Cl- reabsoprtion is a(n) __________ process. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of urination is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures? |
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney, induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane, is secreted in response to dehydration. |
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Term
| The return of molecules from the nephron tubules to the blood is called as |
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Definition
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Term
| Which sphincter is under voluntary control? |
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Definition
| external urethral sphincter |
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Term
| Functions of the digestive system include all of the following |
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Definition
| deglutition, hormone secretion, absorption. Does NOT include hormone degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why is bicarbonate an important component of pancreatic juice? |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate increases the pH, providing an optimal environment for the enzymes in pancreatic juice. |
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Term
| During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function |
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Definition
| gastric gland secretions are inhibited. |
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Term
| Movement of water out of the large intestine is by |
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Definition
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Term
| Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description?
peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions
mastication - removal of wastes
ingestion - taking food into the mouth
deglutition - swallowing |
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Definition
| mastication - removal of wastes |
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Term
| Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall? |
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Definition
| the first phase of swallowing is voluntary |
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Term
| _________________ is a disorder in which acidic gastric juice travels up the esophagus. |
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Definition
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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Term
| The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the alveoli, the diffusion of gases between the air and blood is facilitated by: |
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Definition
| the thin respiratory membrane plus the large surface area plus the low oxygen levels in the pulmonary arteries. |
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Term
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the (human) lungs across the walls of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because ________. |
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Definition
| there are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane, alveoli are one cell thick, the air-blood barrier is two cells thick |
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Term
| The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of reabsorption occurs in the |
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Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule. |
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Term
| What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the kidneys, blood goes from the afferent arterioles to the __________, and then enters the __________, which then delivers the blood to the __________. |
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Definition
| glomerulus; efferent arterioles; peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| Incontinence could develop as a result of |
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Definition
| pressure on the detrusor muscle, pressure on the detrusor muscle, and damage to the external urethral sphincter. |
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Term
| The __________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules. |
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Definition
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Term
| The actions of the kidney include regulation of |
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Definition
| blood plasma pH, blood plasma volume, and blood plasma electrolyte concentration |
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Term
| The __________ acts as a countercurrent exchanger. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called |
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Definition
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Term
| What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The primary function of the large intestine is |
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Definition
| water and electrolyte reabsorption |
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Term
| The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing? |
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Definition
| oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal |
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Term
| Pepsin would have the greatest activity |
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Definition
| when the pH of the chyme is less than 3. |
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Term
Structures of the small intestine that increases its surface area? Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area?
rugae, villi, plicae circularis, microvilli |
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Definition
villi, plicae circularis, and microvilli
rugae is NOT |
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Term
| Where does the reverse chloride shift occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to ________ alveolar cells. |
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Definition
| active transport of Cl- out of |
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Term
| Cessation of breathing is known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Quiet expiration is caused by ________. |
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Definition
| lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure |
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Term
| The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs? |
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Definition
| Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules |
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Term
| The renal pelvis receives urine from the |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as |
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Definition
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Term
Structures of the gastrointestinal tract? Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract?
pharynx, liver, small intestine, esophagus |
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Definition
pharynx, small intestine, and esophagus are part of the gastrointestinal tract.
Liver is NOT |
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Term
| What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep.
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa |
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Definition
| serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa |
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Term
| ____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of waste removal is called |
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Definition
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Term
| A pH above 7.45 is considered ________. |
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Definition
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Term
The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT the ________.
primary bronchi, larynx, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles |
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Definition
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Term
| A pulmonary condition caused from smoking indicated by destructed extracellular matrix and enlargement of the alveoli is |
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Definition
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Term
| Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood flow to a group of alveoli will decrease if: |
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Definition
| the level of oxygen in the alveoli decreases. |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?
primary bronchi, trachea, alveoli, nose |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary capillaries close if the arterial blood pressure: |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine?
ileum, cecum, jejunum, duodenum |
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Definition
cecum
The three sections of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
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Term
| The mixing movement of the small intestine is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found |
|
Definition
| in the brush border of the small intestine. |
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Term
| The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the |
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Definition
| base of the Loop of Henle. |
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Term
| The __________ are responsible for delivering blood directly into the glomerulus to begin the process of filtration. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following processes is NOT a liver function?
lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, hydrolysis of sucrose, glycogenolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Deglutition is coordinated by the swallowing center in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ________ phase of gastric secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the ________. |
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Definition
| aortic and carotid bodies |
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Term
Which of the following may result from emphysema?
Reduced gas exchange surface area, air trapping, cor pulmonale |
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Definition
| All of the choices are correct |
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Term
| The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Intrapleural pressure ________ during expiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water. |
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Definition
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Term
| What creates a Na+ concentration gradient in the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota?
production of b vitamins, ferment indigestible contents of the chyme, production of vitamin k, hydrolyze proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| As carbon dioxide levels increase, pH levels will ________, causing the rate of respiration to ________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which muscles contraction will stimulate inspiration?
Diaphragm, External intercostals, parasternal intercostals |
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Definition
| All of the choices are correct |
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Term
Select the phrase that best describes the way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
Dissolved in blood plasma, attached to an amino acid in the globin chain of hemoglobin, as bicarbonate ions |
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Definition
| All of the choices are correct |
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Term
| The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of stomach function. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary circulation is a ________ resistance and ________ pressure pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acidic chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| The transport of digested food into the blood or lymph is |
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Definition
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