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| branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
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| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
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| neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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| the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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| a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
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| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. |
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| chemical messages that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
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| a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
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| "morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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| neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory |
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| neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion |
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| neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal |
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| neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal |
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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| a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| a major excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in memory |
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| the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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| bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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| part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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| a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus |
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| body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues |
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| a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
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| the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls the endocrine gland |
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