Term
| What are the 4 chemical components of a cell? |
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Definition
Nucleotides
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates |
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Term
| Examples of nucleotides (2) |
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Definition
| Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Membranes, energy storage |
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Term
| Examples of carbohydrates (3) |
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Definition
Energy (glucose)
Energy storage (glycogen)
Structural carbohydrates (chondroitin in cartilage) |
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Term
| What is the term for the sequential process by which cell division occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basic difference between mitosis and meiosis? |
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Definition
Mitosis = creating new somatic (2n; "normal/general body cells") cells
Meiosis = creating new germ cells (1n; oocytes, sperm cells)
*Mitosis is going to be focused on in this class |
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Term
| What is one of the most important concepts to note when it comes to chromosome number and mitosis? |
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Definition
| There is no change in the number of chromosomes after mitosis |
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Term
| What is notable about the M-stage in mitosis? |
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Definition
| It is the separation of duplicated chromosomes; a physical division into two daughter cells. |
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Term
| What are the 4 methods of variation between individuals? |
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Definition
Gene sequence
Epigenetic modifications
Regulation by non-coding (silent) RNA
Regulation of gene transcription |
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Term
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Definition
They are proteins (look like little discs in the notes) that DNA wraps around to ultimately form the chromosome confirmation.
*Think of it as wrapping up your earbuds; it's to make transporting them cleaner, easier, and more organized. If you don't wrap them around your phone (=histones in this case) before sticking them in your pocket, they will become a mangled mess. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are the combo of histones wrapped with DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Loosely packed nucleosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightly packed nucleosomes |
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Term
| Of the three gene sequence variants, which one are we focusing the most on in this class? |
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Definition
| Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a single-nucleotide polymorphism- a one nucleotide difference within a gene, that is either silenced or expressed, between members of a biological species |
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Term
What gene did we learn about in class that relates to SNPs and muscle development?
(also called the "double muscling" gene) |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of epigenetic modifications |
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Definition
covalent modifications of the histone proteins, or of the DNA itself
(think of the "tags" or little arm-looking things coming off of the histones in the notes) |
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #1? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #2? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #3? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #4? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #5? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #6? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #7? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #8? |
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Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum with membrane-bound polyribosomes |
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #9? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is shown in #10? |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of gene transcription leads to... |
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Definition
Some genes being expressed at different times during development (like fetal vs adult hemoglobin). When some genes are expressed in different cells, these cells can then give rise to different tissues.
This can be in response to different signals. |
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Term
| Examples of chemical signals |
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Definition
| Nutrients, growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Examples of mechanical stimuli |
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Definition
| Sensory cells in skin (pressure touch), sensory cells in ear (sound waves), or skeletal muscle (stretching) |
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Term
| Forms of chemical signaling |
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Definition
Autocrine
Signals across gap junctions
Paracrine
Endocrine |
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Term
| Describe the autocrine form of chemical signal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of chemical signals sent across gap junctions? |
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Definition
| The signaling cell is able send signals to a next-door cell through gap junctions (think of gap junctions as a regulated gate or fence between neighbor cells) |
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Term
| Describe the paracrine form of chemical signal? |
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Definition
| The signaling cell targets a nearby cell |
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Term
| Describe the endocrine form of chemical signaling |
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Definition
The signaling cell targets a distant cell
(for example, a cell might release a specific ligand to travel through the blood stream to get to cells in a distant part of the body.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind the signaling molecule to initiate a physiological response |
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Term
| What are three transmembrane protein receptors? |
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Definition
Ion channel receptors
G-protein-coupled
Enzyme-linked receptors |
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Term
| Where are the two intracellular receptors located in the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitric oxide or steroids would bind to which intracellular receptor type? |
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Definition
| Intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Vitamin D or estrogen would bind to which intracellular receptor type? |
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Definition
| Intracellular receptors located in the nucleus |
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Term
| What are ion channel-linked receptors? |
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Definition
| A receptor that controls the flow of ions across a membrane. When a ligand binds to one of these receptors, it changes confirmation and channels open, allowing ions to pass through |
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