Term
| Characteristics of Williams Syndrome |
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Definition
| A genetic disorder
Characterised by high linguistic, low cognitive abilities
Very talkative
Use unusual words
Good pragmatics
Speech not always representative of the cognitive level underneath
Language is delayed (starts at 3, TD is 18 months |
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Term
| Study of Williams Syndrome |
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Definition
| Levy (2002) studied two children with Williams Syndrome. Found they were better at syntax but worse at morphology than TD. They followed the same path of acquisition as each other, but not as TD. But didn't provide a statistically valid way of estimating similarity between two children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterised by normal cognition, low linguistic abilities. Delayed acquisition, but can reach TD competence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied the KE family, an English family with a hereditary disorder of language. They failed to generate overgeneralizations (e.g. digged) or novel regular forms (e.g. crived). But they did produce novel irregularizations (crive-crove) |
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Term
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Definition
| Looks at grammatical morphology by children with SLI. Differ from TD in terms of the degree they use the morphemes, not whether or not they're used. Language specific errors. |
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Term
| Fletcher and Ingham (1996) |
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Definition
SLI is "a significant language deficit in an otherwise normal child" (intellectually and neurologically)
Reviewed many studies and found problems with a variety of different grammatical structures, but normal IQ. |
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Term
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Definition
| Curtiss and de Bode (2001) |
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Term
| Curtiss and de Bode (2001) |
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Definition
| etiology found to be more of a factor than side of hemispherectomy. This doesn't have to contradict modularity, as modularity doesn't have to claim there's a specific part of the brain where language lives |
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Term
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Definition
| origin/cause of hemispherectomy |
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Term
| Fromkin - Hemispherectomy |
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Definition
| Found deficiency in performance by left hemispherectomies - left hemi appears to be the base for language |
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Term
| Problems with hemispherectomies |
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Definition
| Small numbers of subjects - inevitable |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows there's a grey area in modularity, looks at Williams Syndrome. Children still don't reach their chronological age in terms of linguistic competence. |
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Term
| Fromkin's modularity evidence |
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Definition
| Event Related potentials
Aphasia
Sign language aphasics
Child hemiplegics and hemidecorticates |
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Term
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Definition
| Study scalp electrical activity. Different patterns of activity are found depending on whether a syntactically deviant sentence or a syntactically fine sentence is presented. Nonsence also gives a different pattern. |
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Term
| Fromkin's Aphasia evidence |
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Definition
| Damage to different parts of the brain lead to selective cognitive disorders |
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Term
| Child hemiplegics and hemidecorticates |
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Definition
| Children born with left hemisphere lesions and a deficiency in language acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| Have similar problems to hearing aphasics, suggesting the left hemisphere is dominant for language, not speach. Still correctly process non-language visual-spatial relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Children who had radiation had linguistic deficits. Normally if there is brain damage the rest of the brain will compensate, but when the linguistic bits go they're hard to take over from. This shows they're different to general cognition |
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Term
| Genie's evidence for modularity |
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Definition
| Partial independence is suggested between cognition and language, as more advanced on the cognitive level than syntactically. Larger vocab than TD children at her syntactic level. |
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Term
| Evidence from Down's Syndrome |
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Definition
| Rondal and Comblain (1996) If DS get Alzheimers, grammatical structures are not affected. Delayed acquisition, have low cognitive abilities and some language problems, so not single dissociation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low cog, normal linguistic so can be single dissociation. But still had some semantic and pragmatic difficulties, so not quite normal. Suggests syntax may be more independent of non-linguistic cognition than other aspects of language - submodules? |
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Term
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Definition
| Christopher, low IQ but could translate into 15 languages - single dissociation |
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